1 00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:54,110 a great day an exciting time then museum 2 00:00:57,979 --> 00:00:55,620 a very pleased of course to partner as 3 00:01:00,350 --> 00:00:57,989 you just heard with NASA to present 4 00:01:03,020 --> 00:01:00,360 today's panel discussion commemorating 5 00:01:05,320 --> 00:01:03,030 the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 6 00:01:08,180 --> 00:01:05,330 mission and exploring the future of 7 00:01:11,090 --> 00:01:08,190 space exploration very pleased to be 8 00:01:13,940 --> 00:01:11,100 joined by science centers all across the 9 00:01:16,550 --> 00:01:13,950 country we are going to have questions 10 00:01:18,770 --> 00:01:16,560 from them some of them as young as eight 11 00:01:20,780 --> 00:01:18,780 years old they're going to be very tough 12 00:01:22,789 --> 00:01:20,790 questions you can count on it they'll be 13 00:01:24,380 --> 00:01:22,799 submitted all over also we're going to 14 00:01:26,750 --> 00:01:24,390 be asking those in our studio audience 15 00:01:29,140 --> 00:01:26,760 to prepare questions and be part of the 16 00:01:31,340 --> 00:01:29,150 program as well now this event of course 17 00:01:35,959 --> 00:01:31,350 that we're going to show you right now 18 00:01:37,459 --> 00:01:35,969 this very brief film this is now a very 19 00:01:39,880 --> 00:01:37,469 brief I think just two minutes long and 20 00:01:43,039 --> 00:01:39,890 it of course shows the centerpiece of 21 00:01:57,279 --> 00:01:43,049 the event which is the reason we are 22 00:02:03,260 --> 00:01:59,510 believe that this nation should commit 23 00:02:06,260 --> 00:02:03,270 itself to achieving the goal before this 24 00:02:06,450 --> 00:02:06,270 decade is out of landing a man on the 25 00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:06,460 moon 26 00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:11,650 earth t-minus 15 seconds guidance is 27 00:02:53,970 --> 00:02:18,130 internal 12 11 10 9 ignition sequence 28 00:03:00,690 --> 00:02:57,899 come on out are we now sorry Sam I give 29 00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:00,700 you exact figure key here now hundred 30 00:03:17,120 --> 00:03:14,020 and gaudy base here the eagle has landed 31 00:03:19,130 --> 00:03:17,130 rocket twink tranquility we copy on the 32 00:03:20,930 --> 00:03:19,140 ground you got a bunch of guys about to 33 00:03:23,150 --> 00:03:20,940 turn blue we're breathing again thanks a 34 00:03:26,059 --> 00:03:23,160 lot and we're getting a picture on the 35 00:03:28,699 --> 00:03:26,069 TV there's a great deal of contrast in 36 00:03:30,830 --> 00:03:28,709 and currently it's upside-down on our 37 00:03:33,290 --> 00:03:30,840 monitor but we can make out the firm on 38 00:03:37,970 --> 00:03:33,300 a detail okay Neil we can see you coming 39 00:04:22,879 --> 00:03:37,980 down the ladder now that's one small 40 00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:26,670 okay let's take a look at our panelists 41 00:04:35,140 --> 00:04:28,330 first of all let me introduce to your 42 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:38,110 Charles M Duke jr. lunar module pilot 43 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:47,210 Apollo 16 Laurie Leshin Deputy Director 44 00:04:56,470 --> 00:04:49,010 for science and technology of the famous 45 00:04:58,360 --> 00:04:56,480 Goddard Space Flight Center and closest 46 00:05:02,620 --> 00:04:58,370 to me here John Grunsfeld mission 47 00:05:04,630 --> 00:05:02,630 specialist aboard sts-125 Atlantis he 48 00:05:07,060 --> 00:05:04,640 was the lead spacewalker as you will 49 00:05:09,490 --> 00:05:07,070 remember very recently during the Hubble 50 00:05:16,990 --> 00:05:09,500 Space Telescope repair mission at our 51 00:05:19,660 --> 00:05:17,000 heart I just wanted to let you know 52 00:05:21,820 --> 00:05:19,670 where these youngsters are going to be 53 00:05:23,890 --> 00:05:21,830 talking to us from there will be the 54 00:05:25,900 --> 00:05:23,900 science centers all over the country for 55 00:05:27,610 --> 00:05:25,910 instance the Museum of Science in Boston 56 00:05:29,980 --> 00:05:27,620 the American Museum of Natural History 57 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:29,990 that's in New York the California 58 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:31,730 Academy of Sciences the Museum of 59 00:05:37,180 --> 00:05:34,370 Science and Industry in Chicago and the 60 00:05:41,110 --> 00:05:37,190 Denver Museum of Nature and Science and 61 00:05:43,660 --> 00:05:41,120 one more the st. Louis science center 62 00:05:44,860 --> 00:05:43,670 now let's begin talking to our panelists 63 00:05:46,570 --> 00:05:44,870 we're going to begin with you buzz and 64 00:05:49,060 --> 00:05:46,580 i'll tell you why because if i 65 00:05:50,740 --> 00:05:49,070 understand correctly you are going to 66 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:50,750 have to you might have to leave us 67 00:05:54,250 --> 00:05:52,610 before the end of this program there's 68 00:05:55,840 --> 00:05:54,260 something about 10 blocks away what is 69 00:05:58,410 --> 00:05:55,850 it late lunch or something what do you 70 00:06:05,230 --> 00:05:58,420 what's going 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue 71 00:06:06,430 --> 00:06:05,240 and father would desert us that's great 72 00:06:09,550 --> 00:06:06,440 we're looking for it now you did a 73 00:06:11,410 --> 00:06:09,560 commentary for CNN just a couple of 74 00:06:13,570 --> 00:06:11,420 months ago that was darn interesting you 75 00:06:15,880 --> 00:06:13,580 thought that we would need to inspire 76 00:06:17,800 --> 00:06:15,890 youngsters more than we're doing now and 77 00:06:19,450 --> 00:06:17,810 you thought the way to do that was with 78 00:06:21,400 --> 00:06:19,460 the mission to Mars manned mission to 79 00:06:23,620 --> 00:06:21,410 Mars but more than that you used the 80 00:06:26,850 --> 00:06:23,630 word and not just to make a mission but 81 00:06:29,770 --> 00:06:26,860 the homestead Mars what you mean by then 82 00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:29,780 well it's not going to happen in within 83 00:06:36,730 --> 00:06:32,960 a decade and it's not going to require 84 00:06:39,160 --> 00:06:36,740 breaking the bank right now we can maybe 85 00:06:42,670 --> 00:06:39,170 save some money by realigning what we're 86 00:06:45,010 --> 00:06:42,680 doing and then a gradual course and how 87 00:06:47,179 --> 00:06:45,020 about the moon well we got a lot of 88 00:06:50,939 --> 00:06:47,189 experience on the moon 89 00:06:52,439 --> 00:06:50,949 40 years ago and we have an awful lot of 90 00:06:54,540 --> 00:06:52,449 experience on the moon the last four 91 00:06:56,969 --> 00:06:54,550 years because we've been planning on 92 00:07:01,679 --> 00:06:56,979 going to ourselves so we can take that 93 00:07:04,709 --> 00:07:01,689 experience and communicate it help work 94 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:04,719 with the international nations will they 95 00:07:10,549 --> 00:07:06,610 come together for the move I don't know 96 00:07:13,169 --> 00:07:10,559 but they have an umbrella organization 97 00:07:15,239 --> 00:07:13,179 that's over and above the international 98 00:07:17,850 --> 00:07:15,249 space station so we need to start there 99 00:07:20,730 --> 00:07:17,860 and bring in China bring in India South 100 00:07:24,449 --> 00:07:20,740 Korea the other spacefaring nations into 101 00:07:27,689 --> 00:07:24,459 the space station and based on that we 102 00:07:30,529 --> 00:07:27,699 have an international lunar Economic 103 00:07:33,389 --> 00:07:30,539 Development Authority communic 104 00:07:35,070 --> 00:07:33,399 corporation whatever it is and and the 105 00:07:37,260 --> 00:07:35,080 US says we're going to help you people 106 00:07:39,570 --> 00:07:37,270 all you want because you your nations 107 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:39,580 and your international groups want to 108 00:07:45,269 --> 00:07:42,610 land on the moon we do too but we'll 109 00:07:46,769 --> 00:07:45,279 ride with you in your rockets in your 110 00:07:50,189 --> 00:07:46,779 spacecraft because we're going to take 111 00:07:51,929 --> 00:07:50,199 our resources our resources that we put 112 00:07:53,299 --> 00:07:51,939 into the International Space Station to 113 00:07:55,949 --> 00:07:53,309 the tune of one hundred billion dollars 114 00:07:59,219 --> 00:07:55,959 okay we're going to take our resources 115 00:08:02,009 --> 00:07:59,229 and have it establish a pathway a 116 00:08:06,299 --> 00:08:02,019 pathway that may take a little more than 117 00:08:10,949 --> 00:08:06,309 two decades but it is a pathway that 118 00:08:13,529 --> 00:08:10,959 will achieve more things than dedicating 119 00:08:16,199 --> 00:08:13,539 a return to the moon right away that's a 120 00:08:19,049 --> 00:08:16,209 pretty aggressive plan isn't it well yes 121 00:08:21,059 --> 00:08:19,059 it is but there's no reason why at the 122 00:08:23,809 --> 00:08:21,069 International Space Station we can't put 123 00:08:26,549 --> 00:08:23,819 a test module of the long-duration 124 00:08:28,469 --> 00:08:26,559 life-support equipment that we've sort 125 00:08:30,959 --> 00:08:28,479 of been hopefully developing all these 126 00:08:32,999 --> 00:08:30,969 times but in the same time we develop an 127 00:08:36,569 --> 00:08:33,009 exploration module that can accompany 128 00:08:38,879 --> 00:08:36,579 Orion on 12 year missions you're not 129 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:38,889 going to put people in sight and Orion 130 00:08:44,730 --> 00:08:42,370 Apollo like capsule for six months at a 131 00:08:46,470 --> 00:08:44,740 time no you're going to put them there 132 00:08:48,210 --> 00:08:46,480 to go to the moon and come back but how 133 00:08:50,939 --> 00:08:48,220 about going to much longer distance 134 00:08:53,129 --> 00:08:50,949 you've got to have more room you've got 135 00:08:55,259 --> 00:08:53,139 to have the equipment that can support 136 00:08:57,240 --> 00:08:55,269 these people with the redundancy that 137 00:08:59,199 --> 00:08:57,250 doesn't require you cramp it all 138 00:09:02,350 --> 00:08:59,209 together for it for a launch you 139 00:09:04,840 --> 00:09:02,360 you make it larger and as a matter of 140 00:09:08,650 --> 00:09:04,850 fact you can model this sort of thing 141 00:09:11,290 --> 00:09:08,660 after a Mars habitat and a Mars Lander 142 00:09:15,100 --> 00:09:11,300 so that we're looking at those vehicles 143 00:09:17,769 --> 00:09:15,110 and we're using those soon to begin to 144 00:09:20,169 --> 00:09:17,779 plan outward movements you know thursday 145 00:09:22,299 --> 00:09:20,179 night in Dayton pardon me friday night 146 00:09:24,189 --> 00:09:22,309 in Dayton you told us something all of 147 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:24,199 us assembled in the audience something 148 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:25,490 that we didn't know before at least I 149 00:09:28,949 --> 00:09:27,290 didn't and according to their reaction 150 00:09:32,590 --> 00:09:28,959 they didn't either this is on the moon 151 00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:32,600 you and Neil the first ones to step out 152 00:09:36,429 --> 00:09:34,610 onto the moon you told us there were a 153 00:09:38,590 --> 00:09:36,439 couple of other firsts there as well 154 00:09:44,470 --> 00:09:38,600 would you like to tell the people what 155 00:09:47,619 --> 00:09:44,480 you told us well I failed my first 156 00:09:49,299 --> 00:09:47,629 assignment on the surface of the Moon it 157 00:09:51,910 --> 00:09:49,309 was to get down the bottom and jump back 158 00:09:55,439 --> 00:09:51,920 up again I was overconfident I've done a 159 00:09:58,749 --> 00:09:55,449 fairly great job space walking on 160 00:10:00,579 --> 00:09:58,759 Germany 12 and I was a little 161 00:10:03,160 --> 00:10:00,589 overconfident I didn't think the lunar 162 00:10:07,509 --> 00:10:03,170 gravity 16 was going to be that big so I 163 00:10:10,239 --> 00:10:07,519 jumped back up and missed ok next time I 164 00:10:12,850 --> 00:10:10,249 I made why did we do that well because 165 00:10:15,069 --> 00:10:12,860 we knew we couldn't take the rock boxes 166 00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:15,079 and climb up the ladder with them we had 167 00:10:19,449 --> 00:10:16,970 to send the rock boxes up on the 168 00:10:21,579 --> 00:10:19,459 clothesline and the same clothes line 169 00:10:24,069 --> 00:10:21,589 was used to send a camera down so that 170 00:10:27,929 --> 00:10:24,079 obviously Neil could take my picture 171 00:10:31,210 --> 00:10:27,939 when I came down excellent photographer 172 00:10:34,059 --> 00:10:31,220 that's not what you're talking about we 173 00:10:37,780 --> 00:10:34,069 had great confidence in the inside the 174 00:10:41,189 --> 00:10:37,790 spacesuit plumbing we had great 175 00:10:44,169 --> 00:10:41,199 confidence in the backpack the the many 176 00:10:48,509 --> 00:10:44,179 spacecraft on our back that gave us the 177 00:10:52,509 --> 00:10:48,519 electricity the water cooled underwear 178 00:10:55,059 --> 00:10:52,519 and the of course the life-sustaining 179 00:10:57,400 --> 00:10:55,069 oxygen with an emergency oxygen that's 180 00:10:59,499 --> 00:10:57,410 not what I'm talking about this no but I 181 00:11:01,869 --> 00:10:59,509 had we had great confidence in the 182 00:11:05,259 --> 00:11:01,879 interior plumbing as a matter of fact we 183 00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:05,269 just emptied it all out so that we could 184 00:11:12,070 --> 00:11:07,610 throw it out on the surface later on so 185 00:11:17,500 --> 00:11:12,080 there was plenty of capacity in the UCD 186 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:17,510 you're in collection device right and I 187 00:11:21,310 --> 00:11:19,970 I just had that moment you know I knew 188 00:11:23,650 --> 00:11:21,320 when I got to the bottom of the ladder 189 00:11:25,990 --> 00:11:23,660 that that it was clearly going to be 190 00:11:27,400 --> 00:11:26,000 very easy to walk around the moon what 191 00:11:29,850 --> 00:11:27,410 am I supposed to do for the next 30 192 00:11:32,140 --> 00:11:29,860 seconds while I'm checking civility 193 00:11:35,200 --> 00:11:32,150 maybe we're a little nervous here and 194 00:11:38,740 --> 00:11:35,210 there but what I do is I talk about 195 00:11:44,290 --> 00:11:38,750 things that are human and and I talked 196 00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:44,300 about how people are compelled and 197 00:11:48,130 --> 00:11:46,850 really worried about what they're trying 198 00:11:50,020 --> 00:11:48,140 to do they're not worried but they're 199 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:50,030 alert to what they're trying to do on 200 00:11:54,910 --> 00:11:51,610 the surface remember what you said I 201 00:11:56,950 --> 00:11:54,920 said magnificent desolation not right 202 00:11:59,640 --> 00:11:56,960 away but I gave it a little bit of 203 00:12:03,910 --> 00:11:59,650 thought and in the magnificence of 204 00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:03,920 humanity mankind coming down from the 205 00:12:10,260 --> 00:12:07,130 trees or wherever we came from and then 206 00:12:13,540 --> 00:12:10,270 doing all the things necessary to get 207 00:12:17,020 --> 00:12:13,550 steam he's not going to tell you what he 208 00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:17,030 said rockets no spacecraft and and 209 00:12:20,890 --> 00:12:19,730 putting on the surface of the Moon I'll 210 00:12:23,050 --> 00:12:20,900 tell you what he said and and it's 211 00:12:31,139 --> 00:12:23,060 lonely as hell up there maybe I won't 212 00:12:36,819 --> 00:12:34,509 what I said we're Alan Shepard when he 213 00:12:41,410 --> 00:12:36,829 sat on that redstone rocket he didn't 214 00:12:44,139 --> 00:12:41,420 have a UCD so he was floating on water 215 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:44,149 for a while before his 15 minutes in 216 00:12:48,610 --> 00:12:46,490 flight well that's great but what was 217 00:12:50,610 --> 00:12:48,620 actually said to us on Friday night was 218 00:12:59,110 --> 00:12:50,620 well maybe Neil was the first one to 219 00:13:02,499 --> 00:12:59,120 walk on the moon but he hadn't disputed 220 00:13:08,850 --> 00:13:02,509 that fact he had 20 minutes to set 221 00:13:11,790 --> 00:13:08,860 another record haha Charles Apollo 16 222 00:13:14,470 --> 00:13:11,800 there were some problems particularly 223 00:13:16,829 --> 00:13:14,480 bring us up to date remind us what went 224 00:13:20,050 --> 00:13:16,839 on as you were just getting ready well 225 00:13:23,530 --> 00:13:20,060 Apollo 16 like all the other Apollo 226 00:13:25,329 --> 00:13:23,540 flights has problems you know you look 227 00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:25,339 back now 40 years and we had six 228 00:13:29,050 --> 00:13:27,170 landings and everybody is a piece of 229 00:13:30,730 --> 00:13:29,060 cake but it wasn't a piece of cake I 230 00:13:34,329 --> 00:13:30,740 mean landing on the moon is a really 231 00:13:36,670 --> 00:13:34,339 difficult task and not only are you 232 00:13:38,319 --> 00:13:36,680 coming into an area nobody's ever landed 233 00:13:40,660 --> 00:13:38,329 before but you've never seen it in 234 00:13:42,850 --> 00:13:40,670 detail before the photographs we out of 235 00:13:45,549 --> 00:13:42,860 our landing site were 15 meter 236 00:13:47,290 --> 00:13:45,559 resolution so and there are a lot of big 237 00:13:49,990 --> 00:13:47,300 craters it can put you in trouble at a 238 00:13:52,119 --> 00:13:50,000 30 feet across or 10 feet across and so 239 00:13:55,689 --> 00:13:52,129 we were coming in and who is seeing all 240 00:13:58,840 --> 00:13:55,699 of these these craters and we had to 241 00:14:01,629 --> 00:13:58,850 pick a landing spot but before that we 242 00:14:04,990 --> 00:14:01,639 were on the backside of the moon with 243 00:14:07,030 --> 00:14:05,000 Mattingly and he had to change his orbit 244 00:14:10,329 --> 00:14:07,040 in the command module and that required 245 00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:10,339 a major engine ignition with what we 246 00:14:15,369 --> 00:14:12,850 call the service propulsion system and 247 00:14:18,819 --> 00:14:15,379 as he tested this out before the 248 00:14:20,980 --> 00:14:18,829 ignition it was rattling a spacecraft a 249 00:14:24,309 --> 00:14:20,990 Pete to pieces he said and he said I 250 00:14:26,290 --> 00:14:24,319 can't burn well if your heart can sink 251 00:14:28,509 --> 00:14:26,300 in zero gravity to the bottom of your 252 00:14:31,900 --> 00:14:28,519 boots our sink to the bottom of our 253 00:14:35,230 --> 00:14:31,910 boots because that's an abort and so 254 00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:35,240 you'd come 250,000 miles you trained two 255 00:14:39,519 --> 00:14:37,610 years and eight miles down there was 256 00:14:41,679 --> 00:14:39,529 your landing site and they're about 257 00:14:42,730 --> 00:14:41,689 ready to tell you to come home so you 258 00:14:45,370 --> 00:14:42,740 can imagine I just 259 00:14:48,190 --> 00:14:45,380 when we were but the teamwork that we 260 00:14:51,310 --> 00:14:48,200 exhibited not only to get them to the 261 00:14:56,470 --> 00:14:51,320 land to Apollo 13 back safely and all 262 00:14:59,350 --> 00:14:56,480 the other problems came in focus and up 263 00:15:01,900 --> 00:14:59,360 to speed and six hours later they said 264 00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:01,910 you're go for landing so down we went 265 00:15:10,750 --> 00:15:06,050 and from then on it was it was fantastic 266 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:10,760 so our heart went from here to here when 267 00:15:16,389 --> 00:15:13,730 we heard a cat I Capcom Jim Irwin said 268 00:15:18,460 --> 00:15:16,399 we gonna give you next time around you 269 00:15:20,350 --> 00:15:18,470 got to go for landing so and you were 270 00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:20,360 there for a long time we were there for 271 00:15:28,810 --> 00:15:25,250 71 hours and 14 minutes nasa put us in 272 00:15:32,170 --> 00:15:28,820 for the record record stay so we had to 273 00:15:34,329 --> 00:15:32,180 record for longest day until the next 274 00:15:37,870 --> 00:15:34,339 flight apollo 17 they actually stayed 275 00:15:40,210 --> 00:15:37,880 about 75 hours but i just respected me 276 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:40,220 they did it just for spite yeah we 277 00:15:44,949 --> 00:15:43,130 pleaded for mission country two hours 278 00:15:47,110 --> 00:15:44,959 more guys just two hours more that's all 279 00:15:49,329 --> 00:15:47,120 we want and they said get back in it's 280 00:15:54,190 --> 00:15:49,339 time to come home what do you see is the 281 00:15:56,530 --> 00:15:54,200 future of manned space flight well I I 282 00:15:58,180 --> 00:15:56,540 would like to see us back into deep 283 00:15:59,980 --> 00:15:58,190 space we got a big investment in 284 00:16:03,790 --> 00:15:59,990 international space station we need to 285 00:16:05,230 --> 00:16:03,800 use that we've got and there's a lot of 286 00:16:09,670 --> 00:16:05,240 ways we can get a return on that 287 00:16:12,130 --> 00:16:09,680 investment going back into deep space I 288 00:16:16,870 --> 00:16:12,140 think Kendall's the human spirit of 289 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:16,880 exploration buzz and I have a little 290 00:16:20,860 --> 00:16:18,770 disagreement about should we go to the 291 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:20,870 moon with our resources I agree it 292 00:16:25,210 --> 00:16:23,570 should be international but a return to 293 00:16:28,180 --> 00:16:25,220 the moon I think would be also an 294 00:16:31,420 --> 00:16:28,190 opportunity to to develop some of these 295 00:16:34,269 --> 00:16:31,430 systems that we're going to have for a 296 00:16:37,630 --> 00:16:34,279 marsh day he wants to do it enter in ISS 297 00:16:40,420 --> 00:16:37,640 which is not a bad idea I'm think back 298 00:16:44,230 --> 00:16:40,430 to the moon but whichever way we do it 299 00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:44,240 it will just be a stepping stone on into 300 00:16:49,639 --> 00:16:46,370 out into the distance and I hope that 301 00:16:54,210 --> 00:16:49,649 I'm around to see 302 00:16:55,769 --> 00:16:54,220 those first footprints hone bars and i 303 00:16:59,130 --> 00:16:55,779 think that the technology that we 304 00:17:01,829 --> 00:16:59,140 developed for that as a capital 305 00:17:03,540 --> 00:17:01,839 expenditure for our country will great 306 00:17:05,429 --> 00:17:03,550 dividends for us and we'll have a great 307 00:17:08,220 --> 00:17:05,439 return on investment thank you charles 308 00:17:11,010 --> 00:17:08,230 bridge and i agree with you i hope time 309 00:17:13,710 --> 00:17:11,020 around to see it too I'll do not going 310 00:17:15,510 --> 00:17:13,720 to ask you mr. Lord before we get to you 311 00:17:18,179 --> 00:17:15,520 we have standing by right now with a 312 00:17:19,679 --> 00:17:18,189 question for buzz who as we say might be 313 00:17:21,660 --> 00:17:19,689 getting out of here pretty soon this is 314 00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:21,670 from the Museum of Science in Boston 315 00:17:26,850 --> 00:17:23,530 buzzes question is coming to you from 316 00:17:28,740 --> 00:17:26,860 eight year old Marcus from cohasset 317 00:17:32,610 --> 00:17:28,750 Massachusetts I'll take it easy on you 318 00:17:36,930 --> 00:17:32,620 Marcus okay hi but my name is Marcus I 319 00:17:40,950 --> 00:17:36,940 am eight years old I would like to go to 320 00:17:44,820 --> 00:17:40,960 Mars one day at an engineer or scientist 321 00:17:52,890 --> 00:17:44,830 what should I study what hobbies are 322 00:17:55,770 --> 00:17:52,900 good for him and astronaut when I was at 323 00:17:58,409 --> 00:17:55,780 MIT I lived in north scituate not too 324 00:18:04,680 --> 00:17:58,419 far from cohasset so I know right where 325 00:18:08,370 --> 00:18:04,690 you're coming from and you need patience 326 00:18:10,380 --> 00:18:08,380 you need to communicate with other 327 00:18:14,190 --> 00:18:10,390 people you need to have I think 328 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:14,200 something that separates you from others 329 00:18:24,120 --> 00:18:19,410 you're going to have a an evaluation of 330 00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:24,130 considerable weeding out of other people 331 00:18:30,270 --> 00:18:25,630 that are trying to do the same thing 332 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:30,280 you'd like to do let me ask you when you 333 00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:34,890 you say you want to go to Mars Marcus 334 00:18:43,549 --> 00:18:37,570 Marcus yeah yeah how long do you think 335 00:18:50,070 --> 00:18:47,940 how long you said stay yeah well that's 336 00:18:53,130 --> 00:18:50,080 that's a normal answer there was 337 00:18:55,860 --> 00:18:53,140 somebody at some event and they said my 338 00:18:57,030 --> 00:18:55,870 son is 8 he's going to go to Mars so I 339 00:18:59,690 --> 00:18:57,040 said how long do you think you're going 340 00:19:01,970 --> 00:18:59,700 to stay he said a couple of days 341 00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:01,980 and I said well it may take you a better 342 00:19:05,269 --> 00:19:03,600 part of a year just to get there why 343 00:19:09,230 --> 00:19:05,279 would you want to stay only a couple of 344 00:19:11,210 --> 00:19:09,240 days why would we want to invest all 345 00:19:12,710 --> 00:19:11,220 that money and sending you there and 346 00:19:14,570 --> 00:19:12,720 then bring you back you're not going to 347 00:19:17,269 --> 00:19:14,580 give us all that much science or that 348 00:19:19,460 --> 00:19:17,279 return as a matter of fact nobody's 349 00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:19,470 going to build a 50-person spacecraft to 350 00:19:23,240 --> 00:19:21,210 send the first people to the surface of 351 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:23,250 Mars now there is a critical number of 352 00:19:29,330 --> 00:19:26,490 people that need to be there to do the 353 00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:29,340 things to make a sustaining group then 354 00:19:35,060 --> 00:19:33,090 it's bigger than sex it's maybe 50 or 60 355 00:19:39,980 --> 00:19:35,070 and you know how long it takes to 356 00:19:41,840 --> 00:19:39,990 accumulate 60 people every 26 months you 357 00:19:44,779 --> 00:19:41,850 can send another mission to Mars it 358 00:19:49,340 --> 00:19:44,789 takes 20 to 23 years to accumulate 359 00:19:54,620 --> 00:19:49,350 enough people we need to rethink a good 360 00:19:57,590 --> 00:19:54,630 bit about are we really ready to venture 361 00:20:02,779 --> 00:19:57,600 out that far and what does it really 362 00:20:05,330 --> 00:20:02,789 take i think we're we're ready to think 363 00:20:08,840 --> 00:20:05,340 about that but we have a pathway that 364 00:20:10,580 --> 00:20:08,850 can branch off to asteroids that can if 365 00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:10,590 somebody discovers something really 366 00:20:15,049 --> 00:20:12,090 important at the moon and i'm not sure 367 00:20:19,129 --> 00:20:15,059 what it is that justifies the investment 368 00:20:22,519 --> 00:20:19,139 in habitation for people of a nation 369 00:20:28,330 --> 00:20:22,529 that by that time we'll have stayed on 370 00:20:31,850 --> 00:20:28,340 the moon 50 years ago you realize that 371 00:20:36,710 --> 00:20:31,860 from Kitty Hawk to tranquility base with 372 00:20:41,029 --> 00:20:36,720 66 years now let's go 66 years into the 373 00:20:43,399 --> 00:20:41,039 future that's 2035 Marcus you'll be we 374 00:20:46,340 --> 00:20:43,409 don't want to be kicking up dust back on 375 00:20:48,649 --> 00:20:46,350 the moon now Marcus I think we'll we'll 376 00:20:51,250 --> 00:20:48,659 be doing some real man to man talking 377 00:20:53,509 --> 00:20:51,260 about how long you might want to stay 378 00:20:56,840 --> 00:20:53,519 whether you want to spend the rest of 379 00:20:59,750 --> 00:20:56,850 your life on Mars or until we come up 380 00:21:02,090 --> 00:20:59,760 with warp drive so we can bring you back 381 00:21:03,860 --> 00:21:02,100 in a couple of days thanks a lot Marcus 382 00:21:05,299 --> 00:21:03,870 and we appreciate the question just 383 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:05,309 before we get to our next question which 384 00:21:09,529 --> 00:21:08,010 is going to be for you Charles but 385 00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:09,539 before we get that I want to I want to 386 00:21:12,870 --> 00:21:10,510 talk to Laura 387 00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:12,880 for a moment this proposed new man 388 00:21:16,590 --> 00:21:14,050 mission that most people are talking 389 00:21:18,330 --> 00:21:16,600 about the one going back to the moon is 390 00:21:20,220 --> 00:21:18,340 this sort of back to the future tell us 391 00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:20,230 what's going on is we're not using the 392 00:21:23,250 --> 00:21:21,520 shuttle technology are we using the 393 00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:23,260 Apollo technology this time it looks 394 00:21:27,330 --> 00:21:25,510 more similar to Apollo than that then 395 00:21:28,740 --> 00:21:27,340 like the Space Shuttle it's a capsule 396 00:21:31,230 --> 00:21:28,750 that people write in but this time we'll 397 00:21:33,390 --> 00:21:31,240 be sending at least four people back to 398 00:21:35,190 --> 00:21:33,400 the moon and they'll be riding in this 399 00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:35,200 point separately from their their 400 00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:36,610 descent capsule in Bell Brandi Boone 401 00:21:40,860 --> 00:21:38,290 Earth orbit and go down to the moon and 402 00:21:42,120 --> 00:21:40,870 right now with an orbiter an unmanned 403 00:21:43,470 --> 00:21:42,130 orbiter that's in orbit around the moon 404 00:21:45,390 --> 00:21:43,480 called the lunar reconnaissance orbiter 405 00:21:47,340 --> 00:21:45,400 we're taking pictures of prospective 406 00:21:49,410 --> 00:21:47,350 landing sites as Charlie said they only 407 00:21:50,850 --> 00:21:49,420 had very poor resolution images when we 408 00:21:52,620 --> 00:21:50,860 went there with Apollo we are going to 409 00:21:55,020 --> 00:21:52,630 make an incredible map of the moon with 410 00:21:57,690 --> 00:21:55,030 LRO you can go online and see some of 411 00:21:59,490 --> 00:21:57,700 those first pictures right now and know 412 00:22:01,080 --> 00:21:59,500 exactly the most interesting places to 413 00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:01,090 go the safest places to go and the 414 00:22:04,350 --> 00:22:02,530 places where there might be things we 415 00:22:05,970 --> 00:22:04,360 can use to live off the land once we get 416 00:22:09,780 --> 00:22:05,980 there I just learned this weekend that 417 00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:09,790 we have a much better maps of Mars than 418 00:22:13,260 --> 00:22:11,770 we do up the moon that's absolutely true 419 00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:13,270 right now the instruments that are in 420 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:15,370 orbit around the moon on LRO it just got 421 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:17,170 there a couple of weeks ago are going to 422 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:18,490 change that they're going to make our 423 00:22:22,290 --> 00:22:20,050 maps of the moon just as good if not 424 00:22:23,910 --> 00:22:22,300 better than our maps of Mars Charles 425 00:22:25,410 --> 00:22:23,920 this question is coming to you from Anna 426 00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:25,420 this is from the American Museum of 427 00:22:38,570 --> 00:22:27,610 Natural History in New York this is for 428 00:22:46,850 --> 00:22:43,730 on the moon and time partner I miss that 429 00:22:49,580 --> 00:22:46,860 I'm sorry what is what do you think is 430 00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:49,590 the the possibility of living on the 431 00:22:52,519 --> 00:22:51,090 moon what kind of support would be 432 00:22:57,799 --> 00:22:52,529 needed to do that for extended periods 433 00:23:01,220 --> 00:22:57,809 of time hopefully we'll establish a base 434 00:23:03,110 --> 00:23:01,230 that if that's what we decide to do is 435 00:23:04,970 --> 00:23:03,120 return the moon we'd want to establish a 436 00:23:10,220 --> 00:23:04,980 base similar that we have in Antarctica 437 00:23:13,190 --> 00:23:10,230 so it will require supply modules and I 438 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:13,200 think we can develop technologies that 439 00:23:19,480 --> 00:23:16,010 will use that we can use to attract 440 00:23:23,289 --> 00:23:19,490 oxygen hydrogen from the rocks and 441 00:23:31,519 --> 00:23:23,299 utilize the resources there eventually 442 00:23:35,029 --> 00:23:31,529 to help us to inhabit this area of the 443 00:23:36,860 --> 00:23:35,039 moon for a considerable time and and I 444 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:36,870 think that's what science wants us to do 445 00:23:41,419 --> 00:23:38,490 is they go back and build a science 446 00:23:43,129 --> 00:23:41,429 there's a lot to learn about the lunar 447 00:23:45,860 --> 00:23:43,139 surface that we've just scratched the 448 00:23:48,049 --> 00:23:45,870 surface and so maybe it's not such a bad 449 00:23:50,120 --> 00:23:48,059 idea to look for that thanks so much 450 00:23:51,259 --> 00:23:50,130 Anna and Laura I really wanted to talk 451 00:23:53,029 --> 00:23:51,269 to you a little more about that later 452 00:23:56,389 --> 00:23:53,039 because that's one of your specialties 453 00:23:59,149 --> 00:23:56,399 of course searching for water and the 454 00:24:01,159 --> 00:23:59,159 water in and on various heavenly bodies 455 00:24:02,269 --> 00:24:01,169 in the solar system before I got to that 456 00:24:04,850 --> 00:24:02,279 I certainly want to talk to John 457 00:24:07,789 --> 00:24:04,860 Grunsfeld who gave us heart palpitations 458 00:24:10,720 --> 00:24:07,799 not so long ago I understand of course 459 00:24:13,100 --> 00:24:10,730 that you practice for all eventualities 460 00:24:16,730 --> 00:24:13,110 in trying to repair the Hubble telescope 461 00:24:20,750 --> 00:24:16,740 but for heaven's sake no matter what you 462 00:24:23,539 --> 00:24:20,760 rehearse for what surprises did you find 463 00:24:26,750 --> 00:24:23,549 that scared you as much as it scared us 464 00:24:28,450 --> 00:24:26,760 well as you said our team on sts-125 465 00:24:31,159 --> 00:24:28,460 atlantis commanded by Scott Altman 466 00:24:32,389 --> 00:24:31,169 trained for two and a half years a lot 467 00:24:33,889 --> 00:24:32,399 of that training was just you know the 468 00:24:35,779 --> 00:24:33,899 nuts and bolts of putting things in and 469 00:24:37,250 --> 00:24:35,789 out of Hubble but much of the training 470 00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:37,260 was what to do when things don't go well 471 00:24:41,419 --> 00:24:38,970 and so we trained hundreds of different 472 00:24:43,610 --> 00:24:41,429 scenarios where this wouldn't work quite 473 00:24:45,769 --> 00:24:43,620 right or that wouldn't go in and we had 474 00:24:47,690 --> 00:24:45,779 116 tools that we developed just for 475 00:24:49,460 --> 00:24:47,700 this mission over 400 different tools 476 00:24:52,159 --> 00:24:49,470 power drives and wrenches and 477 00:24:54,289 --> 00:24:52,169 screwdrivers and things like this we got 478 00:24:56,180 --> 00:24:54,299 out the door with the first spacewalk 479 00:24:58,430 --> 00:24:56,190 and went to the first major task which 480 00:25:00,379 --> 00:24:58,440 was to replace an old camera with a 481 00:25:02,360 --> 00:25:00,389 brand-new amazing camera that's up on 482 00:25:05,060 --> 00:25:02,370 Hubble right now the wide field camera 3 483 00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:05,070 and to remove the old camera we just had 484 00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:06,570 one big bolt to turn and that bolt 485 00:25:12,019 --> 00:25:09,210 didn't turn you know with all the force 486 00:25:13,820 --> 00:25:12,029 we could put on it with the initial set 487 00:25:15,799 --> 00:25:13,830 of tools and there was a pretty good 488 00:25:17,379 --> 00:25:15,809 risk that that bolt would break and that 489 00:25:19,460 --> 00:25:17,389 would be the end of this camera 490 00:25:21,470 --> 00:25:19,470 fortunately just a little bit of extra 491 00:25:23,330 --> 00:25:21,480 elbow grease and another tool and we got 492 00:25:25,129 --> 00:25:23,340 it but you know we talked about hard 493 00:25:27,379 --> 00:25:25,139 sinking you know this was the primary 494 00:25:29,389 --> 00:25:27,389 highest priority science on the mission 495 00:25:30,980 --> 00:25:29,399 and the very first thing we did and that 496 00:25:32,389 --> 00:25:30,990 first bolt didn't turn my heart was 497 00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:32,399 pretty low in my boots even though we're 498 00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:35,730 in weightlessness I think I think 499 00:25:39,080 --> 00:25:37,770 there's a point at which I say you know 500 00:25:41,629 --> 00:25:39,090 before we do this potentially 501 00:25:43,490 --> 00:25:41,639 game-ending event let's think about 502 00:25:45,470 --> 00:25:43,500 every alternative and we did and we 503 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:45,480 found a way to get around it in fact we 504 00:25:49,220 --> 00:25:46,770 have a question for you this one is 505 00:25:50,690 --> 00:25:49,230 coming from the Museum of Science and 506 00:25:54,049 --> 00:25:50,700 Industry in Chicago I think we have a 507 00:26:02,060 --> 00:25:54,059 moderator there don't we yes we do go 508 00:26:04,730 --> 00:26:02,070 right ahead okay this is for job hello 509 00:26:08,029 --> 00:26:04,740 my name is Sasha Blakely from Vancouver 510 00:26:10,100 --> 00:26:08,039 Canada and 13 my question is what do you 511 00:26:11,720 --> 00:26:10,110 think is the next main technological 512 00:26:13,879 --> 00:26:11,730 breakthroughs that is essential for the 513 00:26:17,659 --> 00:26:13,889 success of the next phase of long-term 514 00:26:18,769 --> 00:26:17,669 space travel to the Moon or Mars so the 515 00:26:23,810 --> 00:26:18,779 question is what's the next 516 00:26:27,049 --> 00:26:23,820 technological breakthrough for exploring 517 00:26:29,869 --> 00:26:27,059 Moon and Mars I think there are so many 518 00:26:31,879 --> 00:26:29,879 challenges that we have to overcome to 519 00:26:34,490 --> 00:26:31,889 be able to develop a colony to live on 520 00:26:36,440 --> 00:26:34,500 the moon I think the using resources 521 00:26:38,930 --> 00:26:36,450 that you find every time explorers have 522 00:26:41,090 --> 00:26:38,940 gone out in terrestrial exploring the 523 00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:41,100 earth exploration that had utilize 524 00:26:44,659 --> 00:26:42,690 resources that they find when they get 525 00:26:47,149 --> 00:26:44,669 there so I think utilizing those 526 00:26:49,820 --> 00:26:47,159 resources on the moon to generate oxygen 527 00:26:51,350 --> 00:26:49,830 that we breathe going to Mars and being 528 00:26:53,029 --> 00:26:51,360 able to develop rocket fuel that will 529 00:26:55,279 --> 00:26:53,039 allow us to come back so we don't take 530 00:26:56,960 --> 00:26:55,289 so much rocket fuel with us to get there 531 00:26:58,940 --> 00:26:56,970 you know those are some some big 532 00:27:01,600 --> 00:26:58,950 examples I think being able to build 533 00:27:04,430 --> 00:27:01,610 life support that in a contained 534 00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:04,440 environment such as a module that you 535 00:27:06,590 --> 00:27:05,040 would live in 536 00:27:08,360 --> 00:27:06,600 to be able to recycle everything and 537 00:27:10,850 --> 00:27:08,370 keep it clean so that you're breathing 538 00:27:13,130 --> 00:27:10,860 clean air those technologies we haven't 539 00:27:15,530 --> 00:27:13,140 refined yet we can do it for short 540 00:27:17,480 --> 00:27:15,540 periods of time on the space shuttle now 541 00:27:19,010 --> 00:27:17,490 we're learning how to do it for longer 542 00:27:21,890 --> 00:27:19,020 periods of time on the International 543 00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:21,900 Space Station as we entered this 544 00:27:25,580 --> 00:27:23,970 conversation we talked about urine 545 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:25,590 collection device well we actually are 546 00:27:29,660 --> 00:27:27,210 taking urine on the International Space 547 00:27:34,060 --> 00:27:29,670 Station purifying it into into really 548 00:27:38,930 --> 00:27:37,520 and ending in the astronauts and 549 00:27:40,030 --> 00:27:38,940 cosmonauts onboard the International 550 00:27:42,710 --> 00:27:40,040 Space Station with drinking that water 551 00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:42,720 those are some small examples I think in 552 00:27:47,870 --> 00:27:44,910 the big examples we're really not going 553 00:27:50,840 --> 00:27:47,880 to go explore the solar system where we 554 00:27:52,730 --> 00:27:50,850 can go to Mars in a period of days until 555 00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:52,740 we have some new form of propulsion 556 00:27:57,980 --> 00:27:54,810 chemical propulsion can only get us so 557 00:28:00,260 --> 00:27:57,990 far if we really want to to explore our 558 00:28:02,210 --> 00:28:00,270 future and our future is out there in 559 00:28:04,760 --> 00:28:02,220 the cosmos we're really going to need 560 00:28:06,770 --> 00:28:04,770 you know a fusion-powered drive or 561 00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:06,780 something like that that's technology 562 00:28:10,460 --> 00:28:08,610 that's totally accessible to us but 563 00:28:13,310 --> 00:28:10,470 involves an investment and some time and 564 00:28:15,770 --> 00:28:13,320 some really creative young engineers and 565 00:28:17,690 --> 00:28:15,780 scientists thank you very much for that 566 00:28:19,940 --> 00:28:17,700 question appreciate it I I did want to 567 00:28:21,770 --> 00:28:19,950 get back to the the question of water in 568 00:28:23,870 --> 00:28:21,780 the solar system is their empirical 569 00:28:26,270 --> 00:28:23,880 evidence that there is water elsewhere 570 00:28:30,050 --> 00:28:26,280 in the solar system yes and I'm drinking 571 00:28:32,810 --> 00:28:30,060 some of it right here in fact I spent 572 00:28:34,730 --> 00:28:32,820 most of my science career heating up 573 00:28:36,740 --> 00:28:34,740 samples of other planets and extracting 574 00:28:38,330 --> 00:28:36,750 water from them like like Mars so we've 575 00:28:40,070 --> 00:28:38,340 actually analyzed water molecules from 576 00:28:42,050 --> 00:28:40,080 Mars right here on earth so we know that 577 00:28:44,060 --> 00:28:42,060 there's water on Mars the moon is a big 578 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:44,070 mystery when it comes to water there are 579 00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:46,170 craters near the poles of the moon where 580 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:49,050 it's dark all of the time and so it's 581 00:28:52,940 --> 00:28:51,210 very very cold and there's some evidence 582 00:28:54,830 --> 00:28:52,950 from spacecraft that have orbited the 583 00:28:57,470 --> 00:28:54,840 moon but there could be frozen water 584 00:28:59,030 --> 00:28:57,480 trapped in those dark places and again 585 00:29:00,290 --> 00:28:59,040 one of the objectives of the missions 586 00:29:02,270 --> 00:29:00,300 that are going to the moon right now is 587 00:29:03,740 --> 00:29:02,280 to see whether that's really true and if 588 00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:03,750 there really is water in those dark 589 00:29:07,610 --> 00:29:06,090 craters what a fantastic resource for 590 00:29:09,080 --> 00:29:07,620 the people who could go back to live and 591 00:29:11,630 --> 00:29:09,090 work on the moon so that's a huge 592 00:29:13,100 --> 00:29:11,640 question still and of course water is so 593 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:13,110 critical if you want to think about life 594 00:29:15,750 --> 00:29:14,850 on other worlds liquid water is really 595 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:15,760 what you need not 596 00:29:19,740 --> 00:29:17,770 and water so places like Mars where it 597 00:29:21,780 --> 00:29:19,750 could be liquid places like the moons of 598 00:29:23,970 --> 00:29:21,790 Jupiter where below and icy crust could 599 00:29:26,250 --> 00:29:23,980 be a liquid water ocean our places that 600 00:29:28,050 --> 00:29:26,260 we want to explore initially with robots 601 00:29:29,670 --> 00:29:28,060 and maybe eventually with humans to try 602 00:29:33,090 --> 00:29:29,680 and answer that most fundamental 603 00:29:34,950 --> 00:29:33,100 question are we alone yeah I wonder if 604 00:29:37,080 --> 00:29:34,960 that question will come from Denver 605 00:29:39,450 --> 00:29:37,090 because the question is for you Laura 606 00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:39,460 this is from the Denver Museum of Nature 607 00:29:45,090 --> 00:29:41,920 and Science and we're standing by for 608 00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:45,100 the question go right ahead please hi 609 00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:48,160 dr. lesson we have a question from from 610 00:29:54,900 --> 00:29:52,930 Shelly at the Denver Museum dr. Hutchins 611 00:29:56,790 --> 00:29:54,910 I've heard the idea that the moon was 612 00:29:58,170 --> 00:29:56,800 formed by something hitting the earth 613 00:30:00,720 --> 00:29:58,180 early in the solar system's formation 614 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:00,730 and I'm just wondering if material 615 00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:01,930 brought back from the Apollo missions 616 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:05,050 has helped to prove that hypothesis yes 617 00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:06,610 very good question excellent so you've 618 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:08,110 all heard of the big bang theory of the 619 00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:09,610 origin of the universe we call this one 620 00:30:15,210 --> 00:30:13,210 the big whack this is the leading theory 621 00:30:17,160 --> 00:30:15,220 the leading hypothesis for the origin of 622 00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:17,170 the moon is something called the giant 623 00:30:21,270 --> 00:30:19,510 impact hypothesis where an object that's 624 00:30:23,220 --> 00:30:21,280 about the size of Mars Mars is about 625 00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:23,230 half the size of the earth hit the earth 626 00:30:27,270 --> 00:30:25,450 very early in its history and the 627 00:30:30,180 --> 00:30:27,280 material that was spewed off in that 628 00:30:32,220 --> 00:30:30,190 giant impact actually then agglomerated 629 00:30:35,010 --> 00:30:32,230 accreted together to form our moon 630 00:30:36,660 --> 00:30:35,020 sounds crazy I know but in fact it's the 631 00:30:39,630 --> 00:30:36,670 leading theory for the formation of the 632 00:30:40,980 --> 00:30:39,640 moon now when we went back to them when 633 00:30:42,510 --> 00:30:40,990 we went to the moon with Apollo there 634 00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:42,520 were actually three leading theories 635 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:44,770 about the origin of the moon and the big 636 00:30:48,060 --> 00:30:46,690 goal of Apollo was to sort out which one 637 00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:48,070 of these three theories was right and 638 00:30:51,030 --> 00:30:49,330 the scientists would get together and 639 00:30:52,680 --> 00:30:51,040 they'd are you and they'd fight well 640 00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:52,690 they brought back over 800 pounds of 641 00:30:57,300 --> 00:30:54,880 rocks from Apollo when we analyzed them 642 00:30:59,340 --> 00:30:57,310 we found out that none of those three 643 00:31:01,230 --> 00:30:59,350 series were actually right and actually 644 00:31:03,510 --> 00:31:01,240 from the information that we measured 645 00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:03,520 with a with the Apollo samples and other 646 00:31:08,090 --> 00:31:05,890 missions to the moon the giant impact 647 00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:08,100 theory has emerged as the most credible 648 00:31:12,030 --> 00:31:09,970 hypothesis for the origin of the moon 649 00:31:13,530 --> 00:31:12,040 it's not perfect yet though we still 650 00:31:15,420 --> 00:31:13,540 have some things that we need to tweak 651 00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:15,430 and understand so going back to the moon 652 00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:17,610 getting more in different rocks 653 00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:20,170 measuring the interior structure of the 654 00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:22,090 moon or all things we need to do to 655 00:31:26,010 --> 00:31:23,710 really nail down whether the moon formed 656 00:31:27,570 --> 00:31:26,020 in a giant impact I haven't thank you 657 00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:27,580 very much for that question really 658 00:31:31,880 --> 00:31:29,610 appreciate it I have a homely 659 00:31:34,220 --> 00:31:31,890 question about the material on the moon 660 00:31:37,700 --> 00:31:34,230 I wanted to talk to you about it ask the 661 00:31:40,070 --> 00:31:37,710 question what is there about the science 662 00:31:44,539 --> 00:31:40,080 on the moon that we really cannot do 663 00:31:46,700 --> 00:31:44,549 with robots why and especially some 664 00:31:49,490 --> 00:31:46,710 international people who may be there 665 00:31:52,010 --> 00:31:49,500 who can help the rope help fix the 666 00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:52,020 robots why is it that the United States 667 00:31:58,220 --> 00:31:55,110 has to make that major investment we 668 00:32:01,630 --> 00:31:58,230 talked to Charlie before and and we can 669 00:32:05,690 --> 00:32:01,640 certainly look at this long duration 670 00:32:06,950 --> 00:32:05,700 systems that we are working on we can 671 00:32:11,630 --> 00:32:06,960 look at those at the space station 672 00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:11,640 beginning in 2015 2016 and prolong the 673 00:32:15,860 --> 00:32:13,290 life of the space station which many 674 00:32:19,159 --> 00:32:15,870 people would like far simpler than we 675 00:32:22,460 --> 00:32:19,169 can waiting until 2020 2025 oddly enough 676 00:32:24,590 --> 00:32:22,470 that was my question is out on the moon 677 00:32:26,630 --> 00:32:24,600 much easier that you know as a matter of 678 00:32:30,409 --> 00:32:26,640 fact we could we could put a human at 679 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:30,419 Earth Moon l1 much safer than on the 680 00:32:35,090 --> 00:32:32,610 surface of the Moon and he could control 681 00:32:37,539 --> 00:32:35,100 the robots on the surface because that's 682 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:37,549 what we want to do at the moon of Mars 683 00:32:45,169 --> 00:32:41,730 fobus much more efficient than people 684 00:32:48,049 --> 00:32:45,179 that send to Mars one day's worth of 685 00:32:51,020 --> 00:32:48,059 instructions that are conservative so 686 00:32:53,060 --> 00:32:51,030 that if the robot there runs into any 687 00:32:55,580 --> 00:32:53,070 trouble stop stop don't do anything 688 00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:55,590 we'll get back to you in a day and tell 689 00:33:01,250 --> 00:32:57,450 you what to do Spirit and Opportunity 690 00:33:05,390 --> 00:33:01,260 have very nicely lived for five years 691 00:33:09,169 --> 00:33:05,400 instead of 90 days but if we had a human 692 00:33:12,560 --> 00:33:09,179 being at vobis orbiting every seven 693 00:33:14,530 --> 00:33:12,570 hours what could that person do he could 694 00:33:17,180 --> 00:33:14,540 be controlling that robot in real time 695 00:33:21,950 --> 00:33:17,190 that's pretty excellent the moon is 696 00:33:25,370 --> 00:33:21,960 automation Mars requires being there and 697 00:33:26,750 --> 00:33:25,380 the supply chain you set up it doesn't 698 00:33:28,610 --> 00:33:26,760 let you go there and come back right 699 00:33:30,169 --> 00:33:28,620 away laura is this a debate is that 700 00:33:31,370 --> 00:33:30,179 what's going on here no actually I what 701 00:33:33,049 --> 00:33:31,380 I was going to say is from a science 702 00:33:34,669 --> 00:33:33,059 perspective what I can tell you that we 703 00:33:36,860 --> 00:33:34,679 that we need to really unravel these 704 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:36,870 mysteries is we need a network of places 705 00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:39,450 around the moon to do like a seismic 706 00:33:41,539 --> 00:33:40,890 station like you measure earthquakes on 707 00:33:45,409 --> 00:33:41,549 on 708 00:33:46,820 --> 00:33:45,419 you could do that robotically you could 709 00:33:49,159 --> 00:33:46,830 also deploy it with people it's a choice 710 00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:49,169 but we also need rocks back from a wider 711 00:33:53,210 --> 00:33:51,210 variety of terrains on the moon you all 712 00:33:55,340 --> 00:33:53,220 explored amazing you know the highlands 713 00:33:57,109 --> 00:33:55,350 is incredible and of course the Mari but 714 00:33:58,159 --> 00:33:57,119 we've only explored a very small part of 715 00:33:59,869 --> 00:33:58,169 the moon and to really answer the 716 00:34:01,759 --> 00:33:59,879 questions we actually need to go some 717 00:34:04,009 --> 00:34:01,769 other places again you could do that 718 00:34:05,690 --> 00:34:04,019 robotically I think people especially in 719 00:34:07,850 --> 00:34:05,700 the selection of really interesting and 720 00:34:09,859 --> 00:34:07,860 important samples become more important 721 00:34:11,210 --> 00:34:09,869 but again it is a choice we can make all 722 00:34:16,460 --> 00:34:11,220 along the way we've got to do is learn 723 00:34:18,379 --> 00:34:16,470 Chinese and asking to finally well and 724 00:34:20,299 --> 00:34:18,389 of course I I agree with you on Mars I 725 00:34:23,720 --> 00:34:20,309 think I don't have to speak Chinese at 726 00:34:25,909 --> 00:34:23,730 bovis or Mars you speak American yeah I 727 00:34:27,710 --> 00:34:25,919 think I think our first Mars Walker 728 00:34:32,990 --> 00:34:27,720 could be out here what she raised her 729 00:34:34,549 --> 00:34:33,000 hand whoever she's gonna do buzz it's my 730 00:34:36,589 --> 00:34:34,559 understanding that the moment has come 731 00:34:39,349 --> 00:34:36,599 for you to go to lunch is that right I 732 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:39,359 think so that's why you're ester their 733 00:34:43,789 --> 00:34:41,010 ways with preparation I always have 734 00:34:47,180 --> 00:34:43,799 already had a nice sandwich just in case 735 00:34:50,059 --> 00:34:47,190 I don't get you like a white house yeah 736 00:34:51,980 --> 00:34:50,069 like remember well remember while you're 737 00:34:57,349 --> 00:34:51,990 eating that lunch we all paid for it on 738 00:35:01,000 --> 00:34:57,359 to the thing okay go go go thank you 739 00:35:13,060 --> 00:35:10,570 hey you know that's great I I was I had 740 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:13,070 one other question to ask buzz because i 741 00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:14,930 was reading an old life magazine I mean 742 00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:16,850 whole life magazine I collect them and 743 00:35:22,210 --> 00:35:19,370 there was a story about the lunar 744 00:35:25,450 --> 00:35:22,220 landing I can ask you Charles buzz was 745 00:35:27,460 --> 00:35:25,460 quoted as saying then 40 years ago that 746 00:35:31,270 --> 00:35:27,470 the material he brought backup from the 747 00:35:33,280 --> 00:35:31,280 moon had a distinctive odor did did you 748 00:35:36,360 --> 00:35:33,290 notice that as well is that true sure 749 00:35:40,150 --> 00:35:36,370 did it was a real surprise to me that 750 00:35:43,630 --> 00:35:40,160 when we got back inside we had not only 751 00:35:45,340 --> 00:35:43,640 the samples but also the dust that we 752 00:35:48,580 --> 00:35:45,350 brought back in with us on our moon 753 00:35:51,730 --> 00:35:48,590 boots and suits and stuff and I took off 754 00:35:56,020 --> 00:35:51,740 my helmet my gloves and picked up some 755 00:35:58,360 --> 00:35:56,030 and the stuff is as dry as toast of 756 00:35:59,920 --> 00:35:58,370 course because there's nothing no water 757 00:36:03,270 --> 00:35:59,930 there that we know at least where we 758 00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:03,280 landed but it picked up the oils of your 759 00:36:09,610 --> 00:36:06,770 your skin and it felt like graphite and 760 00:36:13,480 --> 00:36:09,620 you could smell it and it had a gun 761 00:36:15,430 --> 00:36:13,490 powder smell to it maybe Lori analyzed 762 00:36:19,720 --> 00:36:15,440 them maybe she can tell you why but I 763 00:36:21,190 --> 00:36:19,730 can't tell you why but it did she's 764 00:36:24,190 --> 00:36:21,200 shaking her head so I'm not going to 765 00:36:26,320 --> 00:36:24,200 laugh but we do have a question coming 766 00:36:28,390 --> 00:36:26,330 in and this one let me see this is for 767 00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:28,400 you Charles and it is from the st. Louis 768 00:36:34,180 --> 00:36:31,850 Science Center a question for you and it 769 00:36:39,010 --> 00:36:34,190 is from I think we have a moderator do 770 00:36:44,350 --> 00:36:41,950 I think we have a moderator can we hear 771 00:37:01,360 --> 00:36:44,360 it out from st. Louis she's been to 772 00:37:03,310 --> 00:37:01,370 space camp she's 13 years old we're 773 00:37:04,960 --> 00:37:03,320 having we're having obviously some 774 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:04,970 feedback problems with did you hear the 775 00:37:09,330 --> 00:37:07,010 question okay the question was what was 776 00:37:14,320 --> 00:37:09,340 the hardest part emotionally and 777 00:37:17,770 --> 00:37:14,330 technically and space travel for me I 778 00:37:20,410 --> 00:37:17,780 think the hardest part was the landing 779 00:37:23,500 --> 00:37:20,420 on the moon as I tried to share with you 780 00:37:28,090 --> 00:37:23,510 earlier we were coming in an area that 781 00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:28,100 was unknown basically at least from a 782 00:37:32,950 --> 00:37:30,130 landing standpoint we could identify 783 00:37:36,250 --> 00:37:32,960 stone mountain and smoky mountain and 784 00:37:38,020 --> 00:37:36,260 the major craters as we came in from an 785 00:37:41,140 --> 00:37:38,030 altitude of about a mile above the 786 00:37:44,770 --> 00:37:41,150 surface but as we got closer we had to 787 00:37:47,830 --> 00:37:44,780 maneuver and to an area that would allow 788 00:37:50,980 --> 00:37:47,840 us to be almost as level as possible so 789 00:37:53,340 --> 00:37:50,990 that we could work the LRO is just sent 790 00:37:56,080 --> 00:37:53,350 back some photos of our landing spot 791 00:38:00,280 --> 00:37:56,090 with a low Sun angle and you see this 792 00:38:02,730 --> 00:38:00,290 big crater behind our spacecraft and we 793 00:38:05,110 --> 00:38:02,740 didn't even see it fortunately 794 00:38:08,890 --> 00:38:05,120 fortunately we got over it by about 3 795 00:38:11,620 --> 00:38:08,900 meters and landed and and then we're 796 00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:11,630 looking out to the west it was just a 797 00:38:17,680 --> 00:38:15,050 fantastic scene but then we came around 798 00:38:20,290 --> 00:38:17,690 I got out and went around to retrieve 799 00:38:22,510 --> 00:38:20,300 the Apollo lunar surface experiments 800 00:38:25,300 --> 00:38:22,520 package and I looked at said John look 801 00:38:27,370 --> 00:38:25,310 at this and it was a big crater that if 802 00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:27,380 wheedle anted there it would have not 803 00:38:31,930 --> 00:38:29,210 turned us over but have been very very 804 00:38:34,090 --> 00:38:31,940 difficult to retrieve the experiments 805 00:38:40,240 --> 00:38:34,100 and things out so it was that was the 806 00:38:42,220 --> 00:38:40,250 hardest part and emotionally it wasn't 807 00:38:44,070 --> 00:38:42,230 hard to I wouldn't even trying to 808 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:44,080 control my emotions I was so excited 809 00:38:49,210 --> 00:38:46,490 like a little kid at Christmas you know 810 00:38:50,680 --> 00:38:49,220 and so and that's the way John and I 811 00:38:54,099 --> 00:38:50,690 trained to have 812 00:38:57,460 --> 00:38:54,109 fun but to do the job and to be animated 813 00:38:59,970 --> 00:38:57,470 about it all and it turned out to be the 814 00:39:03,190 --> 00:38:59,980 best for us because we work together 815 00:39:06,780 --> 00:39:03,200 that way better and so emotionally it 816 00:39:09,670 --> 00:39:06,790 was just too high for 71 hours and 817 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:09,680 anything any residue after you got back 818 00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:12,770 any anyway we have heard that some 819 00:39:18,910 --> 00:39:15,680 including buzzes has spoken openly about 820 00:39:24,730 --> 00:39:18,920 it that there were some emotional after 821 00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:24,740 drafts not for me they're worse as a 822 00:39:30,030 --> 00:39:26,810 direct reside on't think anybody as a 823 00:39:34,390 --> 00:39:30,040 direct result of moon flight had a 824 00:39:37,150 --> 00:39:34,400 physical or psychological problem but 825 00:39:39,309 --> 00:39:37,160 after you come down from that high and 826 00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:39,319 yes now what am I going to do that's 827 00:39:48,780 --> 00:39:43,970 where the things can cause you to go off 828 00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:48,790 and buzzes acknowledge that in his book 829 00:39:56,170 --> 00:39:52,310 and all of us decided that we needed to 830 00:39:58,870 --> 00:39:56,180 do something else John Young who was my 831 00:40:04,210 --> 00:39:58,880 commander stayed on at NASA finally 832 00:40:10,329 --> 00:40:04,220 retired in 1995 at 40 like 44 years as 833 00:40:14,819 --> 00:40:10,339 an astronaut 2005 I'm sorry and so I 834 00:40:21,970 --> 00:40:20,500 so it it was the after part of John you 835 00:40:23,710 --> 00:40:21,980 might probably going to have the same 836 00:40:25,839 --> 00:40:23,720 problem you know after that thrilling 837 00:40:27,250 --> 00:40:25,849 adventure of repairing at hubbell now 838 00:40:28,870 --> 00:40:27,260 what are you going to do hopefully they 839 00:40:31,900 --> 00:40:28,880 got a good mission for you coming up 840 00:40:34,420 --> 00:40:31,910 with telecom that drive it takes you 841 00:40:36,819 --> 00:40:34,430 there still there you see and so how do 842 00:40:38,589 --> 00:40:36,829 you channel that drive and and that's 843 00:40:41,920 --> 00:40:38,599 the human spirit you know we've got to 844 00:40:44,319 --> 00:40:41,930 go explore question coming up now this 845 00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:44,329 time it's a from the California Academy 846 00:40:50,570 --> 00:40:47,210 of Sciences and I believe we have a 847 00:40:55,010 --> 00:40:50,580 moderator standing by for the question 848 00:40:59,320 --> 00:40:55,020 oh yes I was just wondering experience 849 00:41:05,930 --> 00:41:03,620 scary humans or inspiring the question 850 00:41:09,170 --> 00:41:05,940 as if I understand correctly what do you 851 00:41:11,030 --> 00:41:09,180 would you describe the adventure that 852 00:41:16,310 --> 00:41:11,040 you just gave us a little outline as 853 00:41:20,180 --> 00:41:16,320 more inspiring more humorous or more 854 00:41:22,910 --> 00:41:20,190 scary it would first my first choice 855 00:41:26,570 --> 00:41:22,920 would be inspiring not only do us 856 00:41:33,260 --> 00:41:26,580 individually but I think too especially 857 00:41:35,570 --> 00:41:33,270 the kids of the world they dream when I 858 00:41:37,850 --> 00:41:35,580 was a kid 12 years old it wasn't a space 859 00:41:39,680 --> 00:41:37,860 program and I didn't go out in the 860 00:41:42,290 --> 00:41:39,690 backyard and look up into the heavens 861 00:41:45,470 --> 00:41:42,300 and say mama I'm gonna walk on the moon 862 00:41:51,190 --> 00:41:45,480 one day mama would have dropped a net on 863 00:41:54,380 --> 00:41:51,200 me and Sidney the psychiatric hospital 864 00:41:56,360 --> 00:41:54,390 but I did have heroes and it were the in 865 00:42:01,460 --> 00:41:56,370 the great generation of World War two 866 00:42:05,390 --> 00:42:01,470 and so now we have that opportunity to 867 00:42:11,380 --> 00:42:05,400 inspire the kids of the world to dream 868 00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:11,390 and to aim high the second would be the 869 00:42:18,050 --> 00:42:14,450 let's see that was the scary inspiring 870 00:42:19,730 --> 00:42:18,060 inspiring was humorous humorous I think 871 00:42:21,440 --> 00:42:19,740 the second for us would be the humorous 872 00:42:25,130 --> 00:42:21,450 part because John and I had a good time 873 00:42:27,970 --> 00:42:25,140 and he's a great humorist my third would 874 00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:27,980 be scary and there was only one moment 875 00:42:36,290 --> 00:42:34,710 when I had a scary incident and it was 876 00:42:41,630 --> 00:42:36,300 doing something I shouldn't have been 877 00:42:43,070 --> 00:42:41,640 doing and so kids hear this you always 878 00:42:44,510 --> 00:42:43,080 get in trouble when you do something 879 00:42:47,210 --> 00:42:44,520 you're not supposed to be doing or you 880 00:42:49,349 --> 00:42:47,220 had practice for it and so we were going 881 00:42:56,670 --> 00:42:49,359 to set the high jump record on the moon 882 00:42:59,190 --> 00:42:56,680 uh and my my backpack weighed 155 pounds 883 00:43:00,870 --> 00:42:59,200 that's what I wait back then and so when 884 00:43:02,759 --> 00:43:00,880 I jumped I straightened up well my 885 00:43:06,989 --> 00:43:02,769 center gravity went backwards and over i 886 00:43:08,670 --> 00:43:06,999 win yes and I had really a moment of 887 00:43:11,339 --> 00:43:08,680 fear there because I was fallin on my 888 00:43:14,190 --> 00:43:11,349 back and his backpacks not designed for 889 00:43:16,859 --> 00:43:14,200 that moisture and I was able to roll 890 00:43:23,009 --> 00:43:16,869 round and break my fall but let me tell 891 00:43:26,940 --> 00:43:23,019 you that ended the moon Olympics ya 892 00:43:30,749 --> 00:43:26,950 later that's right Mission Control was 893 00:43:33,809 --> 00:43:30,759 very upset by the way they thought 894 00:43:35,339 --> 00:43:33,819 they'd lost somebody and she's turnin 895 00:43:39,450 --> 00:43:35,349 didn't try to break your record right 896 00:43:42,660 --> 00:43:39,460 good night driving the rover well the 897 00:43:46,950 --> 00:43:42,670 rover was i I was really the navigator 898 00:43:50,130 --> 00:43:46,960 John was the driver that's the right and 899 00:43:52,049 --> 00:43:50,140 riding with John I called him for those 900 00:43:54,120 --> 00:43:52,059 of you here one of the old race drivers 901 00:43:56,729 --> 00:43:54,130 Barney Oldfield I said here comes Barney 902 00:43:58,829 --> 00:43:56,739 Oldfield again man he was really flat 903 00:44:01,620 --> 00:43:58,839 out on the moon and we set to moon speed 904 00:44:03,870 --> 00:44:01,630 record at the time 11 miles an hour and 905 00:44:05,789 --> 00:44:03,880 we were and we were bouncing like this 906 00:44:09,120 --> 00:44:05,799 I'm glad I had my seat belt on boy 907 00:44:11,430 --> 00:44:09,130 because the lunar rover only weight 80 908 00:44:14,279 --> 00:44:11,440 pounds on the moon and so with the 909 00:44:16,229 --> 00:44:14,289 springiness and it would hit the bumps 910 00:44:18,509 --> 00:44:16,239 and the rocks and a little gullies and 911 00:44:20,519 --> 00:44:18,519 the small craters and we just bounced 912 00:44:21,930 --> 00:44:20,529 all over this great stuff this is great 913 00:44:23,640 --> 00:44:21,940 listen I wanted to give you all the 914 00:44:25,589 --> 00:44:23,650 chance here in the studio audience this 915 00:44:26,700 --> 00:44:25,599 is your big chance if you have questions 916 00:44:28,680 --> 00:44:26,710 you would like to ask for these 917 00:44:31,170 --> 00:44:28,690 wonderful people we're going to have to 918 00:44:33,089 --> 00:44:31,180 ask you to come to that microphone right 919 00:44:34,380 --> 00:44:33,099 over there and while you're making your 920 00:44:38,249 --> 00:44:34,390 way I can tell you that there was a 921 00:44:41,999 --> 00:44:38,259 question from newseum dot-org via google 922 00:44:43,920 --> 00:44:42,009 moderator and it is let's see there is 923 00:44:45,960 --> 00:44:43,930 it's a toss-up it's for all of you so 924 00:44:49,890 --> 00:44:45,970 let's start with you John how far do you 925 00:44:53,249 --> 00:44:49,900 think the United States should go with 926 00:44:55,440 --> 00:44:53,259 space exploration do you set limits I 927 00:44:57,089 --> 00:44:55,450 gather is what the question is I think 928 00:44:59,069 --> 00:44:57,099 there's always limits that you have to 929 00:45:01,170 --> 00:44:59,079 set in terms of funding what can you 930 00:45:03,030 --> 00:45:01,180 afford but I would say that and of 931 00:45:04,410 --> 00:45:03,040 course I've dedicated my life to it 932 00:45:06,360 --> 00:45:04,420 that it's the most important thing we do 933 00:45:08,070 --> 00:45:06,370 exploration is the most important thing 934 00:45:10,260 --> 00:45:08,080 we do it brings all of the new 935 00:45:12,570 --> 00:45:10,270 innovations and technology that make you 936 00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:12,580 know our lives worthwhile that's that's 937 00:45:19,590 --> 00:45:15,610 what I believe okay let's let's take it 938 00:45:21,900 --> 00:45:19,600 on down low I think great things happen 939 00:45:24,420 --> 00:45:21,910 when we set impossible audacious goals 940 00:45:25,920 --> 00:45:24,430 and I think that space exploration is 941 00:45:28,100 --> 00:45:25,930 one of the things that allows us to do 942 00:45:30,960 --> 00:45:28,110 that to dream beyond what's possible and 943 00:45:32,490 --> 00:45:30,970 so that we shouldn't think about it in 944 00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:32,500 terms of limits we should think about it 945 00:45:37,110 --> 00:45:35,110 in terms of striving for that next 946 00:45:39,120 --> 00:45:37,120 incredible thing that we can't even 947 00:45:41,220 --> 00:45:39,130 imagine that we can do but we go after 948 00:45:42,810 --> 00:45:41,230 in one famous phrase we don't do it 949 00:45:44,730 --> 00:45:42,820 because it's easy but we do it because 950 00:45:46,980 --> 00:45:44,740 it's hard that's right try with John 951 00:45:49,980 --> 00:45:46,990 Kennedy's statement and that's true and 952 00:45:52,760 --> 00:45:49,990 I think the human spirit is the spirit 953 00:45:55,470 --> 00:45:52,770 of exploration that's why I volunteered 954 00:45:58,830 --> 00:45:55,480 because I wanted to be an explorer of 955 00:46:01,620 --> 00:45:58,840 the first order and I think in the 956 00:46:06,050 --> 00:46:01,630 future we that spirit is still here with 957 00:46:08,280 --> 00:46:06,060 us and will lead us on to two more 958 00:46:11,940 --> 00:46:08,290 knowledge of the Moon and then on to 959 00:46:14,250 --> 00:46:11,950 Mars eventually we'll get there I don't 960 00:46:16,830 --> 00:46:14,260 know in my lifetime but i would 961 00:46:21,210 --> 00:46:16,840 encourage everybody to that are studying 962 00:46:23,520 --> 00:46:21,220 now the kids to do their best and to 963 00:46:26,850 --> 00:46:23,530 look out into the future the mountains 964 00:46:29,490 --> 00:46:26,860 we climb will allow you to see farther 965 00:46:32,010 --> 00:46:29,500 on with a new technology that we would 966 00:46:33,740 --> 00:46:32,020 not imagine I think I hear the voice of 967 00:46:36,350 --> 00:46:33,750 the next astronaut 968 00:46:38,870 --> 00:46:36,360 we have some questioners standing by 969 00:46:41,630 --> 00:46:38,880 right now ready mr. Duke I was wondering 970 00:46:43,880 --> 00:46:41,640 was it more nerve-racking you for you to 971 00:46:45,590 --> 00:46:43,890 watch the astronauts that landed before 972 00:46:47,450 --> 00:46:45,600 you wondering whether or not they were 973 00:46:51,080 --> 00:46:47,460 gonna be able to successfully land and 974 00:46:53,270 --> 00:46:51,090 then come back or was it more than Iraq 975 00:46:56,470 --> 00:46:53,280 and actually being the one there that 976 00:47:00,710 --> 00:46:56,480 was landing and then coming back 977 00:47:03,470 --> 00:47:00,720 probably the latter it's more sitting in 978 00:47:06,920 --> 00:47:03,480 Mission Control either as Capcom or back 979 00:47:09,680 --> 00:47:06,930 up and just monitoring its nerve-racked 980 00:47:14,510 --> 00:47:09,690 it's more nerve-wracking to listen to it 981 00:47:17,990 --> 00:47:14,520 and to wring your hands because you're 982 00:47:19,850 --> 00:47:18,000 not in that dynamic situation once 983 00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:19,860 you're there and you get to do it you're 984 00:47:25,400 --> 00:47:22,410 so focused on the operational side of it 985 00:47:28,490 --> 00:47:25,410 you don't really you don't really have 986 00:47:29,960 --> 00:47:28,500 time to worry about on my Lords what am 987 00:47:32,840 --> 00:47:29,970 I going to do if this thing doesn't work 988 00:47:35,630 --> 00:47:32,850 you know I mean you wouldn't be there if 989 00:47:38,420 --> 00:47:35,640 that were your situation but listening 990 00:47:40,730 --> 00:47:38,430 and watching in Mission Control is you 991 00:47:44,810 --> 00:47:40,740 get anxious you want them to succeed so 992 00:47:47,030 --> 00:47:44,820 much that you get anxious about it i 993 00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:47,040 will say can i just add i was in Mission 994 00:47:50,360 --> 00:47:48,210 Control when they were trying to turn 995 00:47:52,130 --> 00:47:50,370 that bolt on the Hubble mission I'll 996 00:47:53,990 --> 00:47:52,140 tell you people think that scientists 997 00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:54,000 are you know we wear lab coats we were 998 00:47:57,680 --> 00:47:56,010 not emotional people were crying because 999 00:47:59,120 --> 00:47:57,690 they had devoted 10 years of their life 1000 00:48:01,580 --> 00:47:59,130 to building this camera that might not 1001 00:48:03,350 --> 00:48:01,590 get in if this bolt broke and yeah it's 1002 00:48:06,620 --> 00:48:03,360 it's nerve-wracking we're all wanted to 1003 00:48:08,720 --> 00:48:06,630 turn that wrench for you yes another 1004 00:48:10,310 --> 00:48:08,730 question my name is AR Hogan I'm a 1005 00:48:11,810 --> 00:48:10,320 science journalist and I'm also a 1006 00:48:13,130 --> 00:48:11,820 graduate student you were see Maryland 1007 00:48:14,870 --> 00:48:13,140 doing a doctoral dissertation on the 1008 00:48:17,170 --> 00:48:14,880 history of television radio coverage of 1009 00:48:21,770 --> 00:48:17,180 the space program and I wanted to ask 1010 00:48:24,650 --> 00:48:21,780 your reaction to what impact the amazing 1011 00:48:27,440 --> 00:48:24,660 coverage on television of the Apollo 1012 00:48:29,360 --> 00:48:27,450 lunar explorations some of it at CBS 1013 00:48:30,970 --> 00:48:29,370 News of course produced by Robert J 1014 00:48:33,520 --> 00:48:30,980 wessler directed by joe Bono and 1015 00:48:36,110 --> 00:48:33,530 anchored so wonderfully enabling by 1016 00:48:38,240 --> 00:48:36,120 Walter Cronkite I can't bring myself to 1017 00:48:42,080 --> 00:48:38,250 say the late Walter Cronkite so it's so 1018 00:48:44,030 --> 00:48:42,090 tragically lost him last Friday but 1019 00:48:45,590 --> 00:48:44,040 could you talk about the impacts of this 1020 00:48:47,540 --> 00:48:45,600 television coverage on the public and 1021 00:48:50,180 --> 00:48:47,550 also those of us who I 1022 00:48:51,530 --> 00:48:50,190 Walter Cronkite and probably most people 1023 00:48:54,290 --> 00:48:51,540 in this room who our space enthusiasts 1024 00:48:56,810 --> 00:48:54,300 how can we manage to get those who are 1025 00:48:58,820 --> 00:48:56,820 inexplicably not how can we get them to 1026 00:49:00,920 --> 00:48:58,830 get it why this is compellingly 1027 00:49:03,470 --> 00:49:00,930 important for our human species to do 1028 00:49:06,020 --> 00:49:03,480 please John what would you like to start 1029 00:49:08,180 --> 00:49:06,030 I just like to lead off because Charlie 1030 00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:08,190 talked about inspiring and there's 1031 00:49:13,540 --> 00:49:10,770 absolutely no question that Charlie Duke 1032 00:49:15,920 --> 00:49:13,550 and John Young were my heroes as a kid I 1033 00:49:17,630 --> 00:49:15,930 did tell my mom I wanted to go walk on 1034 00:49:19,490 --> 00:49:17,640 the moon and while I haven't walked on 1035 00:49:21,560 --> 00:49:19,500 the moon you know going up to Hubble 1036 00:49:23,840 --> 00:49:21,570 three times as an astronomer has been my 1037 00:49:25,340 --> 00:49:23,850 holy grail in space and there's no 1038 00:49:27,920 --> 00:49:25,350 question that that inspired me and I 1039 00:49:30,470 --> 00:49:27,930 grew up in those 1960s when the two 1040 00:49:32,570 --> 00:49:30,480 major events in my life were the space 1041 00:49:34,730 --> 00:49:32,580 program and televisions appearing in 1042 00:49:37,730 --> 00:49:34,740 American homes and so I think it was 1043 00:49:40,490 --> 00:49:37,740 that sort of serendipitous conjunction 1044 00:49:43,070 --> 00:49:40,500 of television and my seen these very 1045 00:49:45,680 --> 00:49:43,080 important very exciting explorers go off 1046 00:49:47,780 --> 00:49:45,690 and do something truly great that that 1047 00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:47,790 set me off on a lifetime of discovery so 1048 00:49:53,990 --> 00:49:51,810 the coverage was intrinsic to your to 1049 00:49:57,560 --> 00:49:54,000 your interest yeah and was that also 1050 00:49:59,960 --> 00:49:57,570 true what impact do you think that all 1051 00:50:03,740 --> 00:49:59,970 of that coverage including I think the 1052 00:50:07,370 --> 00:50:03,750 coverage is very very important and the 1053 00:50:10,820 --> 00:50:07,380 early earlier flights every minute every 1054 00:50:14,270 --> 00:50:10,830 second was covered on TV by the time we 1055 00:50:17,060 --> 00:50:14,280 flew hardly any of it was on TV so that 1056 00:50:19,970 --> 00:50:17,070 my family my parents and my my wife and 1057 00:50:22,250 --> 00:50:19,980 kids went to Mission Control and sat in 1058 00:50:25,880 --> 00:50:22,260 a visitor's viewing room so that they 1059 00:50:29,630 --> 00:50:25,890 could watch us on the moon and to me 1060 00:50:32,630 --> 00:50:29,640 that's okay it's an evolution of 1061 00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:32,640 knowledge and experience that we get 1062 00:50:37,310 --> 00:50:35,310 that sort of fades away in the public 1063 00:50:40,450 --> 00:50:37,320 knowledge but doesn't take away from the 1064 00:50:42,860 --> 00:50:40,460 importance of what we were doing 1065 00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:42,870 Lindbergh flew the Atlantic everybody 1066 00:50:50,270 --> 00:50:45,210 remembers that nobody can say number two 1067 00:50:52,490 --> 00:50:50,280 who flew the first 747 now we got 747 1068 00:50:55,340 --> 00:50:52,500 flying back all over the world thousands 1069 00:50:58,760 --> 00:50:55,350 of people doesn't make the news unless 1070 00:51:08,310 --> 00:51:04,490 anyway it's it's that what we do doesn't 1071 00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:08,320 distract and from what we accomplish 1072 00:51:12,240 --> 00:51:10,510 amazing I don't say that right no I know 1073 00:51:14,010 --> 00:51:12,250 exactly what you mean but I wanted to 1074 00:51:16,560 --> 00:51:14,020 ask you this question that doesn't the 1075 00:51:21,090 --> 00:51:16,570 celebrity didn't the celebrity of those 1076 00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:21,100 early astronauts did that not help to to 1077 00:51:26,880 --> 00:51:24,310 gird Congress and all of the rest of us 1078 00:51:29,430 --> 00:51:26,890 to for the very difficult and expensive 1079 00:51:31,590 --> 00:51:29,440 cast that lay ahead and that's they did 1080 00:51:34,110 --> 00:51:31,600 and that's why I've spent a lot of my 1081 00:51:36,840 --> 00:51:34,120 time now going around and speaking to 1082 00:51:40,230 --> 00:51:36,850 groups to try to encourage him to try to 1083 00:51:43,050 --> 00:51:40,240 rekindle that adventure because the 1084 00:51:47,670 --> 00:51:43,060 future is the future and we need to get 1085 00:51:49,830 --> 00:51:47,680 excited about it and and and invest some 1086 00:51:52,320 --> 00:51:49,840 of our resources and to make that 1087 00:51:55,380 --> 00:51:52,330 capital investment into the future for a 1088 00:51:57,000 --> 00:51:55,390 return another question yes Rita Carl 1089 00:51:58,860 --> 00:51:57,010 director of education for challenger 1090 00:52:01,140 --> 00:51:58,870 Center for space science education and 1091 00:52:03,180 --> 00:52:01,150 we fly students to the moon all the time 1092 00:52:04,830 --> 00:52:03,190 and we have a student from our 1093 00:52:07,680 --> 00:52:04,840 Challenger Learning Center in Richmond 1094 00:52:10,320 --> 00:52:07,690 Virginia hi I'm navia Higgins and my 1095 00:52:12,810 --> 00:52:10,330 question is what are some things that we 1096 00:52:15,810 --> 00:52:12,820 have learned from space exploration that 1097 00:52:18,540 --> 00:52:15,820 we can use to help our own planet oh 1098 00:52:20,220 --> 00:52:18,550 great question most people don't know 1099 00:52:22,890 --> 00:52:20,230 this but right now nASA has about 15 1100 00:52:24,840 --> 00:52:22,900 spacecraft orbiting the Earth watching 1101 00:52:28,350 --> 00:52:24,850 the pulse of our planet as it's changing 1102 00:52:30,150 --> 00:52:28,360 and studying the basic physics that 1103 00:52:31,860 --> 00:52:30,160 drive our climate in our weather to help 1104 00:52:33,750 --> 00:52:31,870 us predict better how it's going to be 1105 00:52:35,730 --> 00:52:33,760 changing in the future also things we 1106 00:52:37,980 --> 00:52:35,740 send to other planets Venus and Mars can 1107 00:52:40,500 --> 00:52:37,990 help us better understand how planets 1108 00:52:42,060 --> 00:52:40,510 like ours can change and evolve so from 1109 00:52:43,800 --> 00:52:42,070 a science perspective we've learned a 1110 00:52:45,420 --> 00:52:43,810 whole bunch about the history of our 1111 00:52:47,340 --> 00:52:45,430 planet and how it's going to change in 1112 00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:47,350 the future but there's technology things 1113 00:52:50,280 --> 00:52:49,210 that we get from NASA as well that help 1114 00:52:51,450 --> 00:52:50,290 us and I don't know if either one of you 1115 00:52:53,790 --> 00:52:51,460 want to talk some about some of those 1116 00:52:55,710 --> 00:52:53,800 spin-offs like from the Hubble imaging 1117 00:52:58,620 --> 00:52:55,720 for example the Hubble Space Telescope 1118 00:53:00,420 --> 00:52:58,630 helped pioneer the use of C CDs in 1119 00:53:04,350 --> 00:53:00,430 cameras and I don't know how many people 1120 00:53:05,370 --> 00:53:04,360 out here have a digital camera okay well 1121 00:53:07,220 --> 00:53:05,380 there's a little bit of hubble space 1122 00:53:08,030 --> 00:53:07,230 telescope technology and every single 1123 00:53:11,359 --> 00:53:08,040 one of those cameras that's 1124 00:53:14,390 --> 00:53:11,369 revolutionized the media and and and the 1125 00:53:15,920 --> 00:53:14,400 news because they're ubiquitous they're 1126 00:53:18,910 --> 00:53:15,930 everywhere so people can take pictures 1127 00:53:21,020 --> 00:53:18,920 of news as it happens and send it in the 1128 00:53:23,599 --> 00:53:21,030 technology that used to make those 1129 00:53:24,920 --> 00:53:23,609 detectors the semiconductor technology 1130 00:53:26,359 --> 00:53:24,930 some of the techniques that we've 1131 00:53:28,630 --> 00:53:26,369 learned on how to build instruments from 1132 00:53:30,859 --> 00:53:28,640 Hubble and the imaging have gone into 1133 00:53:32,840 --> 00:53:30,869 the manufacturing of those 1134 00:53:34,040 --> 00:53:32,850 semiconductors and of course you know 1135 00:53:37,130 --> 00:53:34,050 we're all concerned about health care 1136 00:53:38,960 --> 00:53:37,140 and and our own health and some of the 1137 00:53:41,990 --> 00:53:38,970 techniques that astronomers have used to 1138 00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:42,000 see planets and start star forming 1139 00:53:45,740 --> 00:53:44,310 regions new planetary systems being 1140 00:53:47,950 --> 00:53:45,750 formed baby planets and stellar 1141 00:53:50,359 --> 00:53:47,960 nurseries the technology to identify 1142 00:53:52,220 --> 00:53:50,369 those spots have also been used in 1143 00:53:53,930 --> 00:53:52,230 medical imaging to help detect cancer in 1144 00:53:56,300 --> 00:53:53,940 the human body and so it's really a wide 1145 00:53:59,270 --> 00:53:56,310 range of things from you know the hard 1146 00:54:01,340 --> 00:53:59,280 tech to the soft tech us that that just 1147 00:54:03,290 --> 00:54:01,350 Hubble alone amongst all the many 1148 00:54:06,859 --> 00:54:03,300 missions that NASA does that have helped 1149 00:54:09,430 --> 00:54:06,869 us thank you for that yes sir yeah would 1150 00:54:12,020 --> 00:54:09,440 it be easier or harder to find 1151 00:54:15,650 --> 00:54:12,030 astronauts after the incident in an 1152 00:54:17,720 --> 00:54:15,660 apollo 13 for them to wear that come 1153 00:54:19,130 --> 00:54:17,730 forward you mean was yeah like she was 1154 00:54:21,740 --> 00:54:19,140 it but they want to be astronauts know 1155 00:54:26,060 --> 00:54:21,750 we're there it's just as many volunteers 1156 00:54:28,640 --> 00:54:26,070 after Apollo 13 as before there's as far 1157 00:54:31,099 --> 00:54:28,650 as who wanted to go huh you bet we were 1158 00:54:34,790 --> 00:54:31,109 beating the door down you know I'm ready 1159 00:54:37,700 --> 00:54:34,800 to go that's just the nature of an 1160 00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:37,710 explorer he's Apollo 16 you know just 1161 00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:41,010 you go after and I did go after we fix 1162 00:54:46,460 --> 00:54:44,010 that problem and we didn't think it was 1163 00:54:50,540 --> 00:54:46,470 going to happen again it hasn't the 1164 00:54:52,099 --> 00:54:50,550 Challenger explosion there was the crew 1165 00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:52,109 that followed on after that after 1166 00:54:57,680 --> 00:54:55,010 Columbia and that's the nature of 1167 00:55:00,920 --> 00:54:57,690 spaceflight the risk that we take and 1168 00:55:02,900 --> 00:55:00,930 not there's not an astronaut there that 1169 00:55:05,359 --> 00:55:02,910 understand that risk and it's willing to 1170 00:55:08,330 --> 00:55:05,369 take that risk for that next adventure 1171 00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:08,340 oh these are great questions just how 1172 00:55:15,080 --> 00:55:10,890 far are we from achieving earth gravity 1173 00:55:18,710 --> 00:55:15,090 in space is earth gravity in a space 1174 00:55:20,810 --> 00:55:18,720 vehicle a prerequisite for traveling to 1175 00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:20,820 Mars what do we talk about anybody 1176 00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:23,610 for that the question really is when 1177 00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:25,710 we're in space we're weightless because 1178 00:55:29,270 --> 00:55:27,810 we're in constant freefall as we orbit 1179 00:55:30,950 --> 00:55:29,280 the Earth or when you're on your way to 1180 00:55:33,620 --> 00:55:30,960 the moon when you get on the moon then 1181 00:55:36,620 --> 00:55:33,630 of course you have 16 the same poll that 1182 00:55:38,570 --> 00:55:36,630 we feel here on earth the great 1183 00:55:41,450 --> 00:55:38,580 advantage of that is it's just a joy to 1184 00:55:43,610 --> 00:55:41,460 to float in space it's truly magical and 1185 00:55:45,920 --> 00:55:43,620 it just changes the whole experience of 1186 00:55:49,010 --> 00:55:45,930 being human that's the good news the bad 1187 00:55:51,080 --> 00:55:49,020 news is that one of the reasons that we 1188 00:55:52,700 --> 00:55:51,090 stay healthy is because we get up in the 1189 00:55:54,410 --> 00:55:52,710 morning when we go out and we exercise 1190 00:55:56,660 --> 00:55:54,420 and we walk around and that makes our 1191 00:55:59,090 --> 00:55:56,670 muscles and our bones and our heart our 1192 00:56:01,310 --> 00:55:59,100 cardiovascular system strong in 1193 00:56:02,810 --> 00:56:01,320 weightlessness our bones and our muscles 1194 00:56:04,850 --> 00:56:02,820 in our heart don't get enough exercise 1195 00:56:07,820 --> 00:56:04,860 and so our bones get weak and our 1196 00:56:10,190 --> 00:56:07,830 muscles get weak and so one approach to 1197 00:56:13,010 --> 00:56:10,200 these long flights to Mars six-month 1198 00:56:14,690 --> 00:56:13,020 cruises to Mars would be to build you 1199 00:56:17,060 --> 00:56:14,700 know some kind of a circular spacecraft 1200 00:56:19,880 --> 00:56:17,070 that rotates for instance so that the 1201 00:56:21,410 --> 00:56:19,890 acceleration that you feel is the same 1202 00:56:24,170 --> 00:56:21,420 or some fraction of what you feel on 1203 00:56:25,520 --> 00:56:24,180 earth and that's one approach and that's 1204 00:56:27,350 --> 00:56:25,530 an engineering problem and that's 1205 00:56:29,630 --> 00:56:27,360 something we could solve another 1206 00:56:32,720 --> 00:56:29,640 approach would be to find ways and 1207 00:56:33,890 --> 00:56:32,730 machinery essentially gym equipment that 1208 00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:33,900 allows you to get enough exercise 1209 00:56:39,470 --> 00:56:36,810 working against elastic cords or springs 1210 00:56:41,330 --> 00:56:39,480 or other mechanisms to get enough 1211 00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:41,340 exercise what you need to do anyway just 1212 00:56:46,010 --> 00:56:44,010 to keep saying over six months you know 1213 00:56:47,420 --> 00:56:46,020 most astronauts like to be gym rats like 1214 00:56:51,380 --> 00:56:47,430 this is the first job I've gotten paid 1215 00:56:52,490 --> 00:56:51,390 to go to the gym every day like that but 1216 00:56:53,750 --> 00:56:52,500 that's another approach and that's the 1217 00:56:55,670 --> 00:56:53,760 one we're using on the International 1218 00:56:57,350 --> 00:56:55,680 Space Station so one of the big goals of 1219 00:56:58,760 --> 00:56:57,360 the International Space Station is to 1220 00:57:01,250 --> 00:56:58,770 learn how to keep our bodies healthy 1221 00:57:02,630 --> 00:57:01,260 over those long cruises but artificial 1222 00:57:05,210 --> 00:57:02,640 gravity so to speak is one other 1223 00:57:06,680 --> 00:57:05,220 approach just heard if I understand 1224 00:57:08,720 --> 00:57:06,690 correctly what the person is speaking in 1225 00:57:11,660 --> 00:57:08,730 my ear told me you want me to go this 1226 00:57:15,770 --> 00:57:11,670 program will be repeated on NASA TV 1227 00:57:18,800 --> 00:57:15,780 immediately after this broadcast is over 1228 00:57:21,350 --> 00:57:18,810 and oh and also I think at all of the 1229 00:57:23,270 --> 00:57:21,360 science centers which are hooked up with 1230 00:57:24,770 --> 00:57:23,280 us as well if that I think that's what 1231 00:57:26,510 --> 00:57:24,780 they said got another question hi my 1232 00:57:29,050 --> 00:57:26,520 name is Matthew n one day I hope to be 1233 00:57:34,180 --> 00:57:29,060 an astronaut my question is for you John 1234 00:57:35,860 --> 00:57:34,190 what was the your reaction when 1235 00:57:38,530 --> 00:57:35,870 you were the last person to grab on to 1236 00:57:40,870 --> 00:57:38,540 Hubble for the final time good question 1237 00:57:43,660 --> 00:57:40,880 so so the last moment I grabbed onto 1238 00:57:45,100 --> 00:57:43,670 Hubble of course said no he's got almond 1239 00:57:49,980 --> 00:57:45,110 probably wanted to come out and pry my 1240 00:57:52,150 --> 00:57:49,990 hands off no seriously uh we made Hubble 1241 00:57:54,790 --> 00:57:52,160 brand new essentially this was a 1242 00:57:56,860 --> 00:57:54,800 complete Hubble makeover we put in this 1243 00:57:58,210 --> 00:57:56,870 new wide field camera with new detectors 1244 00:58:00,880 --> 00:57:58,220 that are just going to blow everybody 1245 00:58:03,070 --> 00:58:00,890 away when we see those pictures we put 1246 00:58:04,630 --> 00:58:03,080 in a cosmic origins spectrograph that's 1247 00:58:08,410 --> 00:58:04,640 going to really look into the deep 1248 00:58:10,180 --> 00:58:08,420 physics spectrograph breaks up the light 1249 00:58:12,160 --> 00:58:10,190 coming from distant galaxies into its 1250 00:58:13,780 --> 00:58:12,170 colors allows us to do the physics and 1251 00:58:16,390 --> 00:58:13,790 astrophysics understand the structure of 1252 00:58:19,150 --> 00:58:16,400 the universe maybe said light on dark 1253 00:58:20,890 --> 00:58:19,160 matter we brought two cameras back to 1254 00:58:22,780 --> 00:58:20,900 life and we put life-extending 1255 00:58:25,470 --> 00:58:22,790 capability into Hubble such that it 1256 00:58:27,610 --> 00:58:25,480 really is almost a brand new telescope I 1257 00:58:29,380 --> 00:58:27,620 feel so good about that that when 1258 00:58:32,530 --> 00:58:29,390 finally I gave Hubble a last little pat 1259 00:58:33,910 --> 00:58:32,540 and a salute I sort of said to myself 1260 00:58:37,870 --> 00:58:33,920 inside the spacesuit you know you're the 1261 00:58:40,450 --> 00:58:37,880 man of course it's a satellite you know 1262 00:58:43,050 --> 00:58:40,460 and good luck on the voyages and I felt 1263 00:58:44,980 --> 00:58:43,060 not sadness at that but really 1264 00:58:46,570 --> 00:58:44,990 incredible satisfaction that we'd 1265 00:58:48,430 --> 00:58:46,580 achieved all of those challenges and 1266 00:58:56,020 --> 00:58:48,440 that we were sending Hubble off on what 1267 00:59:03,360 --> 00:58:59,470 I have a question uh it's actually 1268 00:59:06,160 --> 00:59:03,370 possible reach absolute zero in space no 1269 00:59:08,770 --> 00:59:06,170 it's not and that's what really turns 1270 00:59:11,710 --> 00:59:08,780 out that's a really deep question it's 1271 00:59:14,770 --> 00:59:11,720 not a simple question but it's one that 1272 00:59:16,600 --> 00:59:14,780 involves physics that's totally outside 1273 00:59:18,580 --> 00:59:16,610 of our own experience it's the very 1274 00:59:21,100 --> 00:59:18,590 smallest scales and it really gets down 1275 00:59:23,530 --> 00:59:21,110 to the question of what is space time 1276 00:59:25,690 --> 00:59:23,540 and matter and although we don't have a 1277 00:59:27,220 --> 00:59:25,700 great understanding of that the real 1278 00:59:29,650 --> 00:59:27,230 answer is that you can't ever really 1279 00:59:31,420 --> 00:59:29,660 achieve a steady state of absolute zero 1280 00:59:35,650 --> 00:59:31,430 nothing comes from nothing yeah but it's 1281 00:59:38,260 --> 00:59:35,660 still darn cold out there my first 1282 00:59:40,540 --> 00:59:38,270 questions for John John you never spoke 1283 00:59:43,450 --> 00:59:40,550 about what that second tool was to get 1284 00:59:47,140 --> 00:59:43,460 the bolt off to get the camera out could 1285 00:59:48,430 --> 00:59:47,150 have been wd-40 by any chance well you 1286 00:59:50,320 --> 00:59:48,440 know I was thinking about that while we 1287 00:59:52,510 --> 00:59:50,330 were out there because those bolts are 1288 00:59:56,440 --> 00:59:52,520 lubricated to prevent them from getting 1289 00:59:57,700 --> 00:59:56,450 stuck like that then the number one rule 1290 00:59:59,620 --> 00:59:57,710 that I always teach the other 1291 01:00:00,910 --> 00:59:59,630 spacewalkers that I'm leading on these 1292 01:00:02,650 --> 01:00:00,920 Hubble flights I've been up there three 1293 01:00:05,320 --> 01:00:02,660 times and I learned from a master Steve 1294 01:00:07,360 --> 01:00:05,330 Smith on that what was the third 1295 01:00:10,870 --> 01:00:07,370 servicing mission is number one rule 1296 01:00:13,210 --> 01:00:10,880 don't break the Hubble and so when we 1297 01:00:14,830 --> 01:00:13,220 put a wrench on a bolt we actually have 1298 01:00:17,650 --> 01:00:14,840 a little device that has springs in it 1299 01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:17,660 that prevent us from over torquing it so 1300 01:00:21,880 --> 01:00:19,610 if you go to too much for suddenly that 1301 01:00:24,400 --> 01:00:21,890 will slip so that you know the wrench 1302 01:00:26,860 --> 01:00:24,410 slips instead of breaking the Hubble and 1303 01:00:28,960 --> 01:00:26,870 so we had that wrench set in there and 1304 01:00:30,880 --> 01:00:28,970 we actually in this case drew was 1305 01:00:33,430 --> 01:00:30,890 cranking at it and suddenly that thing 1306 01:00:34,960 --> 01:00:33,440 slipped well we can increase the torque 1307 01:00:36,430 --> 01:00:34,970 a little bit in steps and we did that 1308 01:00:39,160 --> 01:00:36,440 all the way up to the end of what we 1309 01:00:41,410 --> 01:00:39,170 could do and it happens to be 45 foot 1310 01:00:43,120 --> 01:00:41,420 pounds or so and so what we had to do in 1311 01:00:44,620 --> 01:00:43,130 the end was and we tried a couple of 1312 01:00:46,300 --> 01:00:44,630 different sockets and wrenches and 1313 01:00:48,940 --> 01:00:46,310 finally we have to take that out of the 1314 01:00:50,710 --> 01:00:48,950 loop we just pulled that out and put the 1315 01:00:52,720 --> 01:00:50,720 wrench straight on the bolt that means 1316 01:00:54,280 --> 01:00:52,730 you know if you pull too hard the bolts 1317 01:00:56,050 --> 01:00:54,290 going to snap off and then that's the 1318 01:00:58,630 --> 01:00:56,060 end you can't get the instrument out and 1319 01:01:01,120 --> 01:00:58,640 so we had to go to that extreme and 1320 01:01:04,480 --> 01:01:01,130 fortunately it broke loose so to speak 1321 01:01:06,550 --> 01:01:04,490 it came loose just above where that 1322 01:01:06,790 --> 01:01:06,560 torque limiter was operating and so we 1323 01:01:09,310 --> 01:01:06,800 just 1324 01:01:11,440 --> 01:01:09,320 lucky of course then later on I had a 1325 01:01:13,540 --> 01:01:11,450 similar one that had been installed with 1326 01:01:15,160 --> 01:01:13,550 the same tool and when I went to do it 1327 01:01:17,530 --> 01:01:15,170 the same thing happen but this time we 1328 01:01:20,560 --> 01:01:17,540 knew at least what the procedures would 1329 01:01:22,780 --> 01:01:20,570 be to get it unstuck still that moment 1330 01:01:25,360 --> 01:01:22,790 when you're about to okay is it going to 1331 01:01:27,040 --> 01:01:25,370 break the line is first do no harm is 1332 01:01:28,570 --> 01:01:27,050 that that's right don't break now and I 1333 01:01:32,800 --> 01:01:28,580 have one more a philosophical question 1334 01:01:35,830 --> 01:01:32,810 you know I think everyone here values 1335 01:01:37,360 --> 01:01:35,840 space Lex exploration and the value of 1336 01:01:40,320 --> 01:01:37,370 that we all understand they were or we 1337 01:01:45,100 --> 01:01:40,330 wouldn't be here but can you talk about 1338 01:01:47,940 --> 01:01:45,110 in an era of tight budgets the value of 1339 01:01:50,620 --> 01:01:47,950 manned space versus more robotic and 1340 01:01:52,000 --> 01:01:50,630 unmanned space exploration yeah we have 1341 01:01:55,270 --> 01:01:52,010 part of that debate up here earlier 1342 01:01:57,160 --> 01:01:55,280 didn't when buzz was still here I don't 1343 01:01:59,140 --> 01:01:57,170 think you ever got to address it let me 1344 01:02:00,520 --> 01:01:59,150 give a couple of quick comments about it 1345 01:02:02,110 --> 01:02:00,530 I mean I think it's a little bit of a 1346 01:02:05,130 --> 01:02:02,120 false debate I think they're the truth 1347 01:02:07,390 --> 01:02:05,140 is that there's room and need for both 1348 01:02:09,550 --> 01:02:07,400 robots can go right now places that 1349 01:02:11,560 --> 01:02:09,560 humans can't and humans can do things 1350 01:02:12,940 --> 01:02:11,570 that robots can't at the moment or at 1351 01:02:15,400 --> 01:02:12,950 least much more efficiently and here's 1352 01:02:17,050 --> 01:02:15,410 the example i like to use if my friend 1353 01:02:18,910 --> 01:02:17,060 steve squyres who's the lead scientist 1354 01:02:20,380 --> 01:02:18,920 for the Mars rovers for an opportunity 1355 01:02:22,180 --> 01:02:20,390 that are still five years later the 1356 01:02:24,880 --> 01:02:22,190 energizer bunnies on Mars I keep going 1357 01:02:26,920 --> 01:02:24,890 and going if you actually have asked him 1358 01:02:28,570 --> 01:02:26,930 this question okay if you or a geologist 1359 01:02:30,430 --> 01:02:28,580 which he is and I am on the surface of 1360 01:02:31,840 --> 01:02:30,440 Mars how long would it take you to do 1361 01:02:33,100 --> 01:02:31,850 what the rover does in a day and what 1362 01:02:34,960 --> 01:02:33,110 the rover doesn't our day is maybe it 1363 01:02:36,670 --> 01:02:34,970 drives 50 meters or something it it 1364 01:02:38,020 --> 01:02:36,680 looks at a rock it might dig into that 1365 01:02:39,250 --> 01:02:38,030 rock a little bit and it tries to figure 1366 01:02:42,070 --> 01:02:39,260 out what kind of rock it is that's 1367 01:02:43,660 --> 01:02:42,080 basically what a geologist does how long 1368 01:02:45,970 --> 01:02:43,670 would it take a human to do that that 1369 01:02:47,470 --> 01:02:45,980 does it take some over a day he said 1370 01:02:49,270 --> 01:02:47,480 I've timed it I've taken my science team 1371 01:02:53,800 --> 01:02:49,280 out in the field and I've timed it 45 1372 01:02:55,210 --> 01:02:53,810 seconds so you can imagine that it's 1373 01:02:57,190 --> 01:02:55,220 just there's a heck of a lot of 1374 01:02:59,890 --> 01:02:57,200 efficiency that you get out of having 1375 01:03:03,130 --> 01:02:59,900 humans there in addition human eyes and 1376 01:03:05,020 --> 01:03:03,140 hands and ears can can give us the 1377 01:03:06,550 --> 01:03:05,030 observations that frankly we don't yet 1378 01:03:08,020 --> 01:03:06,560 have the capability to get with robots 1379 01:03:09,610 --> 01:03:08,030 there's an incredible amount that 1380 01:03:11,470 --> 01:03:09,620 robotic exploration does and most the 1381 01:03:13,540 --> 01:03:11,480 missions we do it got our robotic 1382 01:03:15,130 --> 01:03:13,550 exploration it's amazing but i think 1383 01:03:16,990 --> 01:03:15,140 there's absolutely room for humans in 1384 01:03:18,460 --> 01:03:17,000 that loop as well 1385 01:03:21,070 --> 01:03:18,470 you very much i would just wanted to let 1386 01:03:22,630 --> 01:03:21,080 you know we have time for I think I'm I 1387 01:03:25,360 --> 01:03:22,640 think a couple of more questions and 1388 01:03:27,460 --> 01:03:25,370 you're one of them hi my name is Erica 1389 01:03:29,920 --> 01:03:27,470 um and my little brother hopes to be an 1390 01:03:32,320 --> 01:03:29,930 astrophysicist when he grows up when you 1391 01:03:37,420 --> 01:03:32,330 all were little did you ever dream about 1392 01:03:42,750 --> 01:03:37,430 doing what you're doing now well I did 1393 01:03:50,500 --> 01:03:48,160 and I didn't but I wanted to follow in 1394 01:03:53,860 --> 01:03:50,510 the footsteps of my heroes as I said 1395 01:03:55,540 --> 01:03:53,870 early which was the military those that 1396 01:03:57,910 --> 01:03:55,550 served in the military in World War two 1397 01:04:00,940 --> 01:03:57,920 and so I decided as a junior in high 1398 01:04:04,120 --> 01:04:00,950 school a sophomore in high school that I 1399 01:04:06,550 --> 01:04:04,130 wanted to go the Naval Academy and so I 1400 01:04:08,410 --> 01:04:06,560 started pointing for that and I made it 1401 01:04:10,150 --> 01:04:08,420 there and when I got to the Naval 1402 01:04:12,670 --> 01:04:10,160 Academy I fell in love with airplanes 1403 01:04:15,850 --> 01:04:12,680 instead of ships and so I became a pilot 1404 01:04:19,540 --> 01:04:15,860 and so it's just a progression of one 1405 01:04:23,140 --> 01:04:19,550 sort of step after another if you will 1406 01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:23,150 that leads us to to your final final 1407 01:04:32,050 --> 01:04:28,610 careers and so I just tell everybody to 1408 01:04:34,770 --> 01:04:32,060 dream whether you can be a physicist an 1409 01:04:37,540 --> 01:04:34,780 engineer of scientists of some sort or a 1410 01:04:39,190 --> 01:04:37,550 medical doctor all of those disciplines 1411 01:04:41,590 --> 01:04:39,200 are needed in the space program and if 1412 01:04:43,720 --> 01:04:41,600 you desires to be a astronaut or 1413 01:04:46,240 --> 01:04:43,730 involved in space you can be just about 1414 01:04:48,640 --> 01:04:46,250 anything you want we have lawyers and 1415 01:04:51,580 --> 01:04:48,650 business people to at NASA Center so 1416 01:04:55,480 --> 01:04:51,590 absolutely more question hello my mother 1417 01:04:58,120 --> 01:04:55,490 has called be barney oldfield but i am 1418 01:05:01,330 --> 01:04:58,130 looking at all the arguments for 1419 01:05:03,430 --> 01:05:01,340 continuing space exploration and we are 1420 01:05:06,730 --> 01:05:03,440 getting to the end of the shuttle 1421 01:05:09,730 --> 01:05:06,740 program and of course budget is one of 1422 01:05:12,310 --> 01:05:09,740 the big mantras what do we see in the 1423 01:05:14,740 --> 01:05:12,320 international community in support 1424 01:05:17,460 --> 01:05:14,750 either with technology or continuing 1425 01:05:22,870 --> 01:05:17,470 support with the intellectual science 1426 01:05:25,870 --> 01:05:22,880 fields and money well let me let me 1427 01:05:27,370 --> 01:05:25,880 start an unlit Laurie join in my belief 1428 01:05:29,650 --> 01:05:27,380 is that science is the international 1429 01:05:30,940 --> 01:05:29,660 language of peace quite frankly I think 1430 01:05:33,069 --> 01:05:30,950 when we join on scientific 1431 01:05:36,370 --> 01:05:33,079 endeavour's when we join on endeavors of 1432 01:05:39,460 --> 01:05:36,380 great exploration that that is a 1433 01:05:41,140 --> 01:05:39,470 unifying theme amongst peoples on planet 1434 01:05:45,190 --> 01:05:41,150 earth and it's been shown time and time 1435 01:05:47,079 --> 01:05:45,200 again you know budgets are tight but I 1436 01:05:50,650 --> 01:05:47,089 really believe that exploration is this 1437 01:05:53,470 --> 01:05:50,660 grand adventure that is such an integral 1438 01:05:58,089 --> 01:05:53,480 part of us being human that we have to 1439 01:06:00,670 --> 01:05:58,099 do it great nations are nations of great 1440 01:06:02,230 --> 01:06:00,680 explorers the there's no question you 1441 01:06:04,569 --> 01:06:02,240 look at the Armada of spacecraft that 1442 01:06:06,220 --> 01:06:04,579 are around the moon we've had chinese 1443 01:06:08,230 --> 01:06:06,230 spacecraft exploring the moon in indian 1444 01:06:10,569 --> 01:06:08,240 spacecraft united states spacecraft on 1445 01:06:13,450 --> 01:06:10,579 each of the spacecraft their 1446 01:06:17,530 --> 01:06:13,460 international participation Alyssa 1447 01:06:19,030 --> 01:06:17,540 patien corporation so if there's no 1448 01:06:21,069 --> 01:06:19,040 question in my mind that if we don't 1449 01:06:23,829 --> 01:06:21,079 explore and if we don't lead exploration 1450 01:06:27,960 --> 01:06:23,839 in this great country somebody else will 1451 01:06:30,250 --> 01:06:27,970 and I like it that were the leaders 1452 01:06:32,410 --> 01:06:30,260 almost every mission we do at NASA is 1453 01:06:35,380 --> 01:06:32,420 international these days I mean you can 1454 01:06:37,510 --> 01:06:35,390 harken back to the apollo-soyuz back 1455 01:06:38,800 --> 01:06:37,520 when the US and Russians weren't getting 1456 01:06:40,870 --> 01:06:38,810 along very well we were exploring 1457 01:06:42,640 --> 01:06:40,880 together in space and I think again we 1458 01:06:45,490 --> 01:06:42,650 can be trailblazers Four Nations 1459 01:06:48,460 --> 01:06:45,500 building bridges through space 1460 01:06:50,260 --> 01:06:48,470 exploration with science with human 1461 01:06:52,270 --> 01:06:50,270 spaceflight and we are doing that today 1462 01:06:53,950 --> 01:06:52,280 almost every mission we fly as 1463 01:07:06,290 --> 01:06:53,960 international and that's something we're 1464 01:07:10,760 --> 01:07:09,000 11 name was mentioned here earlier today 1465 01:07:13,319 --> 01:07:10,770 and it turns out that late in life 1466 01:07:16,020 --> 01:07:13,329 Walter Cronkite and I became very good 1467 01:07:18,510 --> 01:07:16,030 friends and saw one another regularly 1468 01:07:19,920 --> 01:07:18,520 one of the things I remember most was a 1469 01:07:21,089 --> 01:07:19,930 conversation I had with him in a 1470 01:07:23,059 --> 01:07:21,099 restaurant in New York where he was 1471 01:07:25,530 --> 01:07:23,069 talking about you he was talking about 1472 01:07:27,270 --> 01:07:25,540 space and he always called it the 1473 01:07:29,190 --> 01:07:27,280 biggest story that he ever covered the 1474 01:07:32,790 --> 01:07:29,200 most important story of these two 1475 01:07:34,290 --> 01:07:32,800 centuries he also put it in a way that I 1476 01:07:36,059 --> 01:07:34,300 hadn't heard before he said you know all 1477 01:07:38,640 --> 01:07:36,069 the news i was doing it was Watergate 1478 01:07:41,670 --> 01:07:38,650 there was Vietnam liberal we were down 1479 01:07:43,349 --> 01:07:41,680 cast we as a nation and maybe the world 1480 01:07:45,990 --> 01:07:43,359 was downcast he says I'm not sure 1481 01:07:48,900 --> 01:07:46,000 there's a word that I'm going to use he 1482 01:07:53,790 --> 01:07:48,910 said but space space travel in the space 1483 01:07:57,260 --> 01:07:53,800 programs are up cast he said you had us 1484 01:08:00,540 --> 01:07:57,270 you had us looking up beyond ourselves 1485 01:08:03,150 --> 01:08:00,550 reach exceeding our grasp and that's